Elihu Stone collection undated, 1913-1962.

Collection contains materials pertaining to the life and work of Stone.Materials pertaining to Stone's Zionist activities include organizational speeches and essays prepared by Stone; materials relating to the Palestine Resolution introduced by Stone into the Massachusetts Legislature and materials relating to the Lodge-Fish Resolution, including a partial account of Stone's role in the passing of the resolution as well as correspondence with Henry Cabot Lodge; correspondence from Stone's tenure as President of the New England Zionist Region; correspondence in his association with the World Zionist Organization, the Zionist Organization of America, the Jewish National Fund, and Keren Heyesod. The collection also includes speeches and writings of Louis Lipsky and speeches given by Henry Cabot Lodge, Colonel Josiah Wedgewood, Congressman John C. McCormack, Governor Frank G. Allen, and an address given by an unidentified Knesset member (probably Abba Eban) before the Mass. Legislature (1949). Also included: misc. correspondence concerning the internationalization of Palestine; materials concerning the opening of Hebrew University on Mt. Scopus (1925); material on Chaim Weizmann and Colonel Josiah Wedgewood; material on Jewish immigration to Palestine, including circulars proclaiming a mass meeting to protest British policy (1939); announcements of meetings and public rallies protesting Naziism; materials on the World Zionist Congress of 1937.Materials pertaining to Stone's political activities include the following: election campaign materials; correspondence written in support of other candidates; resolutions sponsored by Stone as a state representative; correspondence written as a state representative and as Assistant U.S. District Attorney.Contains also material relating to Stone's professional career as a lawyer and personal material relating to members of the family. Also included: material relating to the Meretz Relief Organization, the Meretz Free Loan Association & the Federation of Jews of Lithuanian Descent.There is also information regarding tributes to Stone, including correspondence and information relevant to an award presented to Stone by the President of Lithuania on the 25th anniversary of Lithuanian independence. Also included: copies of the song "My Homeland," lyrics by Stone and music by Boris M. Morros; correspondence written by John McCormack concerning Stone's attempt to gain an audience with the Pope (1927).Collection also contains the following: material relating to local Jewish community affairs, including a copy of a petition in favor of the Sabbath Bill proposed before the Mass. Legislature and also local community reactions to Naziism; correspondence on the Anti-Nazi Boycott Movement and on Jewish immigration to the U.S.; material on reactions to anti-Semitism, including the protest of persecution of Jews in Poland, a response to Henry Ford's anti-Semitic campaign, and information regarding the Nordic Theory and the Johnson Immigration Bill. Also included: an essay on the Sacco-Vanzetti Case.Individual correspondents include: Governor Frank G. Allen, Louis D. Brandeis, Alexander Brin, Sen. William M. Butler, Calvin Coolidge, Governor Channing H. Cox, James M. Curley, Benjamin F. Evarts, Louis Finkelstein, Mendel Fisher, Israel Friedlaender, Governor Alvan T. Fuller, James A. Gallivan, Dr. Israel Goldstein, Christian Herter, Frank B. Kellogg, Harry Levine, William M. Lewis, Ludwig Lewisohn, Louis Lipsky, Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Congressman Joseph Martin, Congressman John C. McCormack, James G. McDonald, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Franklin D. Roosevelt, Morris Rothenberg, Leverett Saltonstall, Abba Hillel Silver, Pres. Harry Truman, William Vanderbilt, Myer Weisgal, Chaim Weizmann, and Rabbi Stephen S. Wise.Collection further contains miscellaneous photographs (undated) and a collection of letters written in Yiddish.Prominent Boston Jewish communal figure, active in Republican Party, leading Zionist activist.Gift, in part, of Mrs. Carol Stone,Gift, in part, of Lois Stone,far031

Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating.Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 7