Long term minimum tillage investigations, Stubble management, Deep ripping

Direct drilling Long term minimum tillage investigations (1) Continuous cropping – 77A16, 77A18, 77MT15, 77WH17, 77WH13, 78M25. (2) Rotational cropping – 77A43, 77E52, 77M35, 77M56, 77MT51, 77WH8. Stubble management – 79M7, 79WH6, 82M34, 84M1, 82LG4, 82LG46 (82KD1). Deep ripping - 82M35 in Minimum Tillage Rotation section also contains a deep ripping treatment. 77WH17, 80A44, 80NO46, 81M45, 81NO3, 81NO4, 82GE37, 82GE38, 82M30, 82M46, 82M60, 82ME38, 82N32, 82WH49, 84E24, (84C42, 84C43, 84C44, 84C45, 84C46) Eradu Sandplain – ECRS, 84E23, 84E24, 84JE43, 84JE44, 84LG37, 84M38, 84NO58, 84WH2, 84WH3, 84WH39. Additional deep ripping research is included in summaries by W. Bowden, D. Tennant, J. Hamblin, J. Wilson

Tillage investigations.

77A16, red/brown sandy loam - York gum. 77WH17, yellow clayey-sand (Wongan loamy sand). 77M13, red sandy clay loam (Salmon Gum, Gimlet). 77Mt15, gravelly loamy sand/sandy loam - forest soil. 77A43 brown loamy sand/sandy loam - jam country. 77WH88, grey loamy sand over gravel at 50 cm - Elphin soil series – Mallee. 77M56, red sandy clay loam - salmon gum, Gimlet. 82M35, Loamy sand/sandy loam – Mallee. 77E52, fine white sand over gravel at 40 cm. 85SG28, grey-brown calcareous Earth - Kumarl – SGRS. 84M064, heavy land management systems - medium rainfall area. 84M063, heavy land management systems - ne wheat belt - continuous wheat additional heavy land long term direct drill trials, 84KA28. Minimum tillage, direct drilling, modified combine investigations. 87E35, White Grey Fleming Sandplain over gravel varying from 20 40 cm. 87E36, Fleming Sandplain Alongside 87E35. 87E37, Fleming Sandplain near E35, 36. 87M76, 87M77 Depth of cultivation with modified combine, and deep ripping. 87WH52 Wongan Loamy Sand - Depth of cultivation during Seeding, and Deep Ripping. 87Na81, 87Na 84 cultivate, direct drill, and speed of seeding. 86SG27, direct drilling, reduced tillage and conventional at two times of seeding with and without flexi coil. 87WH45, direct drill, scarifying, disc ploughing, chisel ploughing at two depths and deep ripping. 79WH6, grey and yellow loamy sand with gravel. 79M7, yellow loamy sand - Mallee scrub 82M34, salmon gum/gimlet clay loam. 84M1, stubble effect on heavy land - salmon gum soil – MRS. 85Ba32, deep ripping yellow sand/yellow loamy sand – BARS. 886LG67, 886LG68, DD scarifying and depth of ripping 2GE37, 82GE38, yellow sandplain - Naraling lupin/wheat rotation (2 blocks). 82M60, Semi Wodgil - MRS old lease block. 87M5, species and cultivar response to deep ripping on acidic yellow sandplain. 87M78, ripping, two times of seeding, three wheat varieties - Mallee soil, MRS. 86Mo28 Cultivation and Gypsum on Hard Setting Clay Loam - A. Tonkin, Coomberdale. 87Mo1, 87Mo2, 87Mo3, deep ripping on sands in the Minyulo Brook catchment west of Moora - Farmers Brennan and Edgar. 87SG31, Circle Valley and over clay. Pasture. 77WH17, yellow clayey sand (Wongan loamy sand). 82WH49, times of ripping in a 2 pasture: 2 wheat rotation - Wongan loamy sand. 84WH39, two machines at two speeds of ripping - Wongan loamy sand. 85WH41, depth of ripping by shank spacing. 85WH62, depth of ripping by shank spacing - Wongan loamy sand. 86WH4, two times of seeding, with and without ripping, 7 rates of nitrogen, one rate N applied late. 86WH43, deep ripping response by wheat and barley varieties - Wongan loamy sand. 86WH66, time of ripping, pre and post seeding - Wongan loamy sand. 87WH55, ripping times pre and post seeding with two seeding rates. MISCELLANEOUS TRIALS. 86M79, fallowing and deep ripping with two times of seeding on sandy clay loam. 87M2, banding superphosphate at depths below the seed - Newland, yellow sandplain, Carrabin - Jarvis and Bolland. 81SG1, Kumarl soil - SGRS - crop/fallow rotation. 87SG32 and 87SG33, rate of seeding-wheat on Kumarl soil

Long term minimum tillage investigations, stubble management techniques, deep ripping and seeding machine comparisons.

77 A 16, red/brown sandy loam. 77 WH 17, yellow clayey-sand (Wongan loamy sand). 77 M 13, red sandy clay loam (salmon gum, gimlet). 78 M 25, Yellow acid loamy sand (Wodgil). 77 Mt 15 Gravelly loamy sand/sandy loam - forest soil 77 E 18, fine white sand over fine sandy clay. 77 A 43, Brown loamy sand/sandy loam - Jam country.77 WH 88, Grey loamy sand over gravel at 50 cm - Elphin soil series – Mallee. 77 M 56, Red sandy clay loam - Salmon Gum, Gimlet. 82 M 35, Loamy sand/sandy loam – Mallee. 77 E 52, Fine white sand over gravel at 40 cm. 85 SG 28, Grey-brown calcareous earth - Kumarl – SGRS. 77 Mt 51, Gravelly sandy loam - forest soil. 79 WH 6, Grey and yellow loamy sand with gravel. 79 M 7, Yellow loamy sand - Mallee scrub. 82 M 34, Salmon Gum/Gimlet clay loam. 84 M 1, Stubble effect on heavy land - Salmon Gum soil – MRS. 82 M 35, deep ripping. 82 GE 37, 82 GE 38, Yellow sandplain - Naraling - Lupin/Wheat Rotation. 84 C 72, Eradu Sandplain – ECRS. 85 C 84, Eradu Sandplain ECRS. 77 WH 17, Yellow clayey sand (Wongan loamy sand). 84 WH 2, Species response to ripping - Wongan loamy sand - residual effects. 84 WH 3 - ripping and re-compaction of ripped soil - Wongan loamy sand. 85 WH 36, 85 WH 37, 85 WH 38, 85 WH 39, deep ripping four soil types – WHRS. 85 WH 40, deep ripping and scarifying comparisons with direct drill on four soil types. 85 WH 41, depth of ripping by shank spacing. 82 Mo30, yellow loamy sand - Dalwallinu - Taywood farms. 79 MO 19, deep ripping in a pasture/wheat rotation - heavy land - Nixon, Kalannie. 81 M 53, yellow loamy sand - Mallee/Wodgil – MRS. 82 Me 38, Residual effect of deep ripping in pasture/wheat/lupin rotation, yellow loamy sand – Koorda. 85 Me 57, 85 Me 58, 85 Me 59, 85 Me 60, 85 Me 61, 85 Me 62, ripping responses on paddocks with different cropping histories Crosthwaite, Holleton. 80 NO 46, yellow loamy sand - Tamma - R. Reid, Yorkrakine. 83 NO 69, yellow loamy sand - Tamma - Reid, Yorkrakine. 82 NO 48, 82 NO 49, yellow loamy sand - Tamma – Yorkrakine. 84 Ba 32, deep ripping yellow sand/yellow loamy sand – BARS. 85 Ba 33, deep ripping white sand/pale yellow sand – BARS. 85 Ba 4la, deep ripping and scarifying comparisons with direct drill on different soil types. 85 Ba 4lb, deep ripping and nutrition - deep very poor white sand – BARS. 84 E 24, deep white sand over gravel – EDRS. 85 E 29, cultivation depths and direct drilling machines - deep white sand – EDRS. 85 E 30, deep ripping and scarifying on Caitup soil – EDRS. 85 E 31, deep ripping and scarifying comparison with direct drill on four soil types. 85 TS 39, yellow sand/loamy sand, R and D Nottle, West Three Springs. Deep ripping pasture – Denbarker. 85 WH 42, yellow loamy sand – WHRS. 85 WH 43, yellow loamy sand – WHRS. 85 WH 44, yellow loamy sand – WHRS

The physical significance of the Babak-Grishchuk gravitational energy-momentum tensor

We examine the claim of Babak and Grishchuk [1] to have solved the problem of localising the energy and momentum of the gravitational field. After summarising Grishchuk's flat-space formulation of gravity, we demonstrate its equivalence to General Relativity at the level of the action. Two important transformations are described (diffeomorphisms applied to all fields, and diffeomorphisms applied to the flat-space metric alone) and we argue that both should be considered gauge transformations: they alter the mathematical representation of a physical system, but not the system itself. By examining the transformation properties of the Babak-Grishchuk gravitational energy-momentum tensor under these gauge transformations (infinitesimal and finite) we conclude that this object has no physical significance.Comment: 10 pages. Submitted to Phys. Rev. D; acknowledgements adjuste

On the Non-invasive Measurement of the Intrinsic Quantum Hall Effect

With a model calculation, we demonstrate that a non-invasive measurement of intrinsic quantum Hall effect defined by the local chemical potential in a ballistic quantum wire can be achieved with the aid of a pair of voltage leads which are separated by potential barriers from the wire. B\"uttiker's formula is used to determine the chemical potential being measured and is shown to reduce exactly to the local chemical potential in the limit of strong potential confinement in the voltage leads. Conditions for quantisation of Hall resistance and measuring local chemical potential are given.Comment: 16 pages LaTex, 2 post-script figures available on reques

Interplay of Staphylococcal and Host Proteases Promotes Skin Barrier Disruption in Netherton Syndrome.

Netherton syndrome (NS) is a monogenic skin disease resulting from loss of function of lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related protease inhibitor (LEKTI-1). In this study we examine if bacteria residing on the skin are influenced by the loss of LEKTI-1 and if interaction between this human gene and resident bacteria contributes to skin disease. Shotgun sequencing of the skin microbiome demonstrates that lesional skin of NS subjects is dominated by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Isolates of either species from NS subjects are able to induce skin inflammation and barrier damage on mice. These microbes promote skin inflammation in the setting of LEKTI-1 deficiency due to excess proteolytic activity promoted by S. aureus phenol-soluble modulin α as well as increased bacterial proteases staphopain A and B from S. aureus or EcpA from S. epidermidis. These findings demonstrate the critical need for maintaining homeostasis of host and microbial proteases to prevent a human skin disease