Spatial distribution and risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica in pigs

The importance of pork in the transmission of Salmonella spp. to humans has led to the development of control programmes worldwide. For this, knowledge on the epidemiology of the infection in the production system is fundamental to the efficacy of the regulations. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution of Salmonella-infected farms in the central region of Argentina, and to identify the predominant serotypes and epidemiological factors associated with an increased risk of infection. Salmonella was isolated from 22 of 52 sampled farms, for a farm prevalence of 42·3% (95% confidence interval 28·4–56·1). The most frequent serotypes isolated were S. Typhimurium and S. Derby, which have often been considered of public health concern in the region. Limited evidences of global and local clustering in the region under study were found, and the type of feed and presence of diarrhoeic pigs were significantly associated with having Salmonella shedders in the farm. This highlights the need to evaluate microbiological controls at the farm level, and demonstrates the usefulness of the spatial tools to identify areas of greatest risk when processing pork at slaughterhouse, which could contribute to increasing the food safety of pork products.Fil: Parada, Julian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Carranza, Alicia Isabel. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Julio. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Pichel, M.. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud "Dr. C. G. Malbrán"; ArgentinaFil: Tamiozzo, Pablo Jesus. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Busso, Juan Jose. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Ambrogi, Arnaldo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria. Departamento de Patología Animal; Argentin

Efecto fitotóxico de Baccharis ulicina sobre la germinación y crecimiento inicial de Avena sativa, Lolium perenne y Raphanus sativus

Baccharis ulicina es una maleza ampliamente distribuida en los pastizales de la zona semiárida argentina. A fin de evaluar sus posibles efectos alelopáticos, se utilizaron extractos acuosos de B. ulicina (hoja, tallo, raíz y planta entera) a dos concentraciones (50 y 150 g tejido/L agua) sobre la germinación y crecimiento inicial de Avena sativa , Lolium perenne y Raphanus sativus . Para cada especie se regaron 100 semillas y se mantuvieron a 25°C y oscuridad. Se registraron la germinación de las semillas y la longitud de coleóptilo / hipocótile (C/H) y radícula (R). Con los datos obtenidos se determinó: porcentaje de germinación, coeficiente de velocidad de germinación, vigor de la germinación, inhibición de la germinación, inhibición de la longitud de la radícula y del coleóptilo / hipocótile e índice de vigor de radícula y de coleóptilo / hipocótile. Los extractos con alta concentración redujeron la germinación en promedio 65% mientras que inhibieron la longitud en 58,8% (C/H) y 93,3% (R) para A. sativa , 71,5% (C/H) y 87,9% (R) para L. perenne , y 93,8% (C/H) y 94,5% (R) para R. sativus . Se registró un evidente efecto fitotóxico de B. ulicina sobre las especies evaluadas, indicando que la alelopatía sería una estrategia ecológica de la especie.Baccharis ulicina is a weed widely distributed in pastures of the semiarid zone of Argentina. With the aim of evaluate potential allelopathic effects, aqueous extracts of B. ulicina (leaf, stem, root and whole plant) at two concentrations (50 and 150 g tissue/L water) were used on germination and initial growth of Avena sativa, Lolium perenne and Raphanus sativus. For each species, 100 seeds were watered and maintained at 25°C at darkness. Seed germination and length of coleoptile / hypocotyl (C/H) and radicle (R) was measured. Then, germination percentage, germination rate coefficient, germination vigor, inhibition of germination, inhibition of radicle length and coleoptile / hypocotyl length, radicle vigor index and the coleoptile / hypocotyl vigor index were calculated. High concentration extracts reduced germination an average of 65%, in addition, they produced a length inhibition of 58.8% (C/H) and 93.3% (R) to A. sativa, 71.5% (C/H) and 87.9% (R) to L. perenne, and 93.8% (C/H) and 94.5% (R) to R. sativus. There was an evident phytotoxic effect of B. ulicina on evaluated species, indicating that allelopathy would be an ecological strategy of the species.Fil: Tucat, Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Centro Rec.nat.renovables de Zona Semiarida(i); Argentina;Fil: Bentivegna, Diego Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Centro Rec.nat.renovables de Zona Semiarida(i); Argentina;Fil: Fernandez, Osvaldo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Centro Rec.nat.renovables de Zona Semiarida(i); Argentina;Fil: Busso, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Centro Rec.nat.renovables de Zona Semiarida(i); Argentina;Fil: Brevedan, Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Centro Rec.nat.renovables de Zona Semiarida(i); Argentina;Fil: Mujica, Maria de la Merced. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.agrarias y Forestales. Departamento de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Cat.introduccion de Mejoramiento Genético; Argentina;Fil: Torres, Yanina Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Centro Rec.nat.renovables de Zona Semiarida(i); Argentina;Fil: Daddario, Juan Facundo Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Conicet - Bahia Blanca. Centro Rec.nat.renovables de Zona Semiarida(i); Argentina;Fil: Ithurrart, Leticia Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina;Fil: Giorgetti, Hugo Dosindo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios. Chacra Experimental de Patagones; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina;Fil: Rodriguez, Gustavo Dionisio. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios. Chacra Experimental de Patagones; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina;Fil: Montenegro, Oscar Alberto. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios. Chacra Experimental de Patagones; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina;Fil: Baioni, Sandra Sonia. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina;Fil: Entio, Lisandro Jose. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.agrarias y Forestales. Departamento de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Cat.introduccion de Mejoramiento Genético; Argentina;Fil: Fioretti, Maria Nelida. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina

Gaia data release 1. Pre-processing and source list creation

Context. The first data release from the Gaia mission contains accurate positions and magnitudes for more than a billion sources, and proper motions and parallaxes for the majority of the 2.5 million Hipparcos and Tycho-2 stars. Aims. We describe three essential elements of the initial data treatment leading to this catalogue: the image analysis, the construction of a source list, and the near real-time monitoring of the payload health. We also discuss some weak points that set limitations for the attainable precision at the present stage of the mission. Methods. Image parameters for point sources are derived from one-dimensional scans, using a maximum likelihood method, under the assumption of a line spread function constant in time, and a complete modelling of bias and background. These conditions are, however, not completely fulfilled. The Gaia source list is built starting from a large ground-based catalogue, but even so a significant number of new entries have been added, and a large number have been removed. The autonomous onboard star image detection will pick up many spurious images, especially around bright sources, and such unwanted detections must be identified. Another key step of the source list creation consists in arranging the more than 1010 individual detections in spatially isolated groups that can be analysed individually. Results. Complete software systems have been built for the Gaia initial data treatment, that manage approximately 50 million focal plane transits daily, giving transit times and fluxes for 500 million individual CCD images to the astrometric and photometric processing chains. The software also carries out a successful and detailed daily monitoring of Gaia health

Gaia data release 1. Pre-processing and source list creation

Context. The first data release from the Gaia mission contains accurate positions and magnitudes for more than a billion sources, and proper motions and parallaxes for the majority of the 2.5 million Hipparcos and Tycho-2 stars. Aims. We describe three essential elements of the initial data treatment leading to this catalogue: the image analysis, the construction of a source list, and the near real-time monitoring of the payload health. We also discuss some weak points that set limitations for the attainable precision at the present stage of the mission. Methods. Image parameters for point sources are derived from one-dimensional scans, using a maximum likelihood method, under the assumption of a line spread function constant in time, and a complete modelling of bias and background. These conditions are, however, not completely fulfilled. The Gaia source list is built starting from a large ground-based catalogue, but even so a significant number of new entries have been added, and a large number have been removed. The autonomous onboard star image detection will pick up many spurious images, especially around bright sources, and such unwanted detections must be identified. Another key step of the source list creation consists in arranging the more than 1010 individual detections in spatially isolated groups that can be analysed individually. Results. Complete software systems have been built for the Gaia initial data treatment, that manage approximately 50 million focal plane transits daily, giving transit times and fluxes for 500 million individual CCD images to the astrometric and photometric processing chains. The software also carries out a successful and detailed daily monitoring of Gaia health