A review and road map of entrepreneurial equity financing research

Equity financing in entrepreneurship primarily includes venture capital, corporate venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, and accelerators. We take stock of venture financing research to date with two main objectives: (a) to integrate, organize, and assess the large and disparate literature on venture financing; and (b) to identify key considerations relevant for the domain of venture financing moving forward. The net effect is that organizing and assessing existing research in venture financing will assist in launching meaningful, theory-driven research as existing funding models evolve and emerging funding models forge new frontiers

High Energy Physics Program at the University of Alabama

This report discusses the following topics: study of Z{sup 0} decays; QCD; new particles; Higgs bosons; and forward hadron calorimeter system

Results from the Palo Verde neutrino oscillation experiment

The ν̅e flux and spectrum have been measured at a distance of about 800 m from the reactors of the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station using a segmented Gd-loaded liquid scintillator detector. Correlated positron-neutron events from the reaction ν̅ep→e+n were recorded for a period of 200 d including 55 d with one of the three reactors off for refueling. Backgrounds were accounted for by making use of the reactor-on and reactor-off cycles, and also with a novel technique based on the difference between signal and background under reversal of the e+ and n portions of the events. A detailed description of the detector calibration, background subtraction, and data analysis is presented here. Results from the experiment show no evidence for neutrino oscillations. ν̅e→ν̅x oscillations were excluded at 90% C.L. for Δm2>1.12×10-3 eV2 for full mixing and sin22θ>0.21 for large Δm2. These results support the conclusion that the observed atmospheric neutrino oscillations do not involve νe

Neutron production by cosmic-ray muons at shallow depth

The yield of neutrons produced by cosmic ray muons at a shallow depth of 32 meters of water equivalent has been measured. The Palo Verde neutrino detector, containing 11.3 tons of Gd loaded liquid scintillator and 3.5 tons of acrylic served as a target. The rate of one and two neutron captures was determined. Modeling the neutron capture efficiency allowed us to deduce the total yield of neutrons $Y_{tot} = (3.60 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.31) \times 10^{-5}$ neutrons per muon and g/cm$^2$. This yield is consistent with previous measurements at similar depths.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Measuring CP violation and mass ordering in joint long baseline experiments with superbeams

We propose to measure the CP phase $\delta_{\rm CP}$, the magnitude of the neutrino mixing matrix element $|U_{e3}|$ and the sign of the atmopheric scale mass--squared difference $\Delta{\rm m}^2_{31}$ with a superbeam by the joint analysis of two different long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. One is a long baseline experiment (LBL) at 300 km and the other is a very long baseline (VLBL) experiment at 2100 km. We take the neutrino source to be the approved high intensity proton synchrotron, HIPA. The neutrino beam for the LBL is the 2-degree off-axis superbeam and for the VLBL, a narrow band superbeam. Taking into account all possible errors, we evaluate the event rates required and the sensitivities that can be attained for the determination of $\delta_{\rm CP}$ and the sign of $\Delta m^2_{31}$. We arrive at a representative scenario for a reasonably precise probe of this part of the neutrino physics.Comment: 25 RevTEX pages, 16 PS figures, revised figure captions and references adde

Robust signatures of solar neutrino oscillation solutions

With the goal of identifying signatures that select specific neutrino oscillation parameters, we test the robustness of global oscillation solutions that fit all the available solar and reactor experimental data. We use three global analysis strategies previously applied by different authors and also determine the sensitivity of the oscillation solutions to the critical nuclear fusion cross section, S_{17}(0), for the production of 8B. The favored solutions are LMA, LOW, and VAC in order of g.o.f. The neutral current to charged current ratio for SNO is predicted to be 3.5 +- 0.6 (1 sigma), which is separated from the no-oscillation value of 1.0 by much more than the expected experimental error. The predicted range of the day-night difference in charged current rates is (8.2 +- 5.2)% and is strongly correlated with the day-night effect for neutrino-electron scattering. A measurement by SNO of either a NC to CC ratio > 3.3 or a day-night difference > 10%, would favor a small region of the currently allowed LMA neutrino parameter space. The global oscillation solutions predict a 7Be neutrino-electron scattering rate in BOREXINO and KamLAND in the range 0.66 +- 0.04 of the BP00 standard solar model rate, a prediction which can be used to test both the solar model and the neutrino oscillation theory. Only the LOW solution predicts a large day-night effect(< 42%) in BOREXINO and KamLAND. For the KamLAND reactor experiment, the LMA solution predicts 0.44 of the standard model rate; we evaluate 1 sigma and 3 sigma uncertainties and the first and second moments of the energy spectrum.Comment: Included predictions for KamLAND reactor experiment and updated to include 1496 days of Super-Kamiokande observation

Final results from the Palo Verde Neutrino Oscillation Experiment

The analysis and results are presented from the complete data set recorded at Palo Verde between September 1998 and July 2000. In the experiment, the \nuebar interaction rate has been measured at a distance of 750 and 890 m from the reactors of the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station for a total of 350 days, including 108 days with one of the three reactors off for refueling. Backgrounds were determined by (a) the $swap$ technique based on the difference between signal and background under reversal of the positron and neutron parts of the correlated event and (b) making use of the conventional reactor-on and reactor-off cycles. There is no evidence for neutrino oscillation and the mode \nuebar\to\bar\nu_x was excluded at 90% CL for \dm>1.1\times10^{-3} eV$^2$ at full mixing, and \sinq>0.17 at large \dm.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Testing the solar LMA region with KamLAND data

We investigate the potential of 3 kiloTon-years(kTy) of KamLAND data to further constrain the $\Delta m^2$ and $\tan^2\theta$ values compared to those presently allowed by existing KamLAND and global solar data. We study the extent, dependence and characteristics of this sensitivity in and around the two parts of the LMA region that are currently allowed. Our analysis with 3 kTy simulated spectra shows that KamLAND spectrum data by itself can constrain $\Delta m^2$ with high precision. Combining the spectrum with global solar data further tightens the constraints on allowed values of $\tan^2\theta$ and $\Delta m^2$. We also study the effects of future neutral current data with a total error of 7% from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. We find that these future measurements offer the potential of considerable precision in determining the oscillation parameters (specially the mass parameter).Comment: 16 pages, to appear in J Phys.

Sustaining entrepreneurial business: a complexity perspective on processes that produce emergent practice

This article examines the management practices in an entrepreneurial small firm which sustain the business. Using a longitudinal qualitative case study, four general processes are identified (experimentation, reflexivity, organising and sensing), that together provide a mechanism to sustain the enterprise. The analysis draws on concepts from entrepreneurship and complexity science. We suggest that an entrepreneur’s awareness of the role of these parallel processes will facilitate their approaches to sustaining and developing enterprises. We also suggest that these processes operate in parallel at multiple levels, including the self, the business and inter-firm networks. This finding contributes to a general theory of entrepreneurship. A number of areas for further research are discussed arising from this result