Marchands et négociants boukhares, 1558-1920

Commerçants audacieux, les habitants de Boukhara entreprirent au cours des siècles des voyages longs et dangereux, tant pour écouler à l’étranger les produits de leur région que pour en rapporter tout ce qu’ils pouvaient revendre sur place ou dans les divers pays qu’ils traversaient. Entreprenants et débrouillards, ils ne se laissaient démonter par aucune difficulté, d’ordre géographique ou humain. Tel fut leur succès que, selon plusieurs écrivains modernes, aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, on au..

Descendants et successeurs de Timour : la rivalité territoriale entre les régimes ouzbek, safavide et moghol

Si le souvenir de Timour est encore si vivace de nos jours, c’est non seulement parce que ses campagnes militaires et l’empire énorme qu’il s’est forgé par ses conquêtes lui ont valu une grande renommée, mais aussi parce que, à l’encontre de Gengis Khan, il a été un grand bâtisseur, et que ses fils et petits-fils ont suivi son exemple, tant à Hérat qu’à Samarcande. La cour de Timour impressionne Clavijo par son organisation excellente, par l’extrême raffinement que le souverain exige de ses a..

Itinéraires commerciaux et militaires entre Boukhara et l’Inde

Malgré les difficultés de déplacement causées par les hautes montagnes qui séparent l’Inde de l’Asie centrale, malgré la fatigue et les maladies dues à l’altitude ainsi qu’au contraste climatique entre les deux régions, malgré le danger d’attaque par les peuplades belliqueuses qui s’érigeaient en gardiennes des passes de Khaïber et autres, les hommes ont toujours voyagé de part et d’autre, pour des raisons commerciales, militaires, culturelles ou touristiques. Partant d’Asie centrale, deux gr..

Itinéraires commerciaux et militaires entre Boukhara et l’Inde

Malgré les difficultés de déplacement causées par les hautes montagnes qui séparent l’Inde de l’Asie centrale, malgré la fatigue et les maladies dues à l’altitude ainsi qu’au contraste climatique entre les deux régions, malgré le danger d’attaque par les peuplades belliqueuses qui s’érigeaient en gardiennes des passes de Khaïber et autres, les hommes ont toujours voyagé de part et d’autre, pour des raisons commerciales, militaires, culturelles ou touristiques. Partant d’Asie centrale, deux gr..

Descendants et successeurs de Timour : la rivalité territoriale entre les régimes ouzbek, safavide et moghol

Si le souvenir de Timour est encore si vivace de nos jours, c’est non seulement parce que ses campagnes militaires et l’empire énorme qu’il s’est forgé par ses conquêtes lui ont valu une grande renommée, mais aussi parce que, à l’encontre de Gengis Khan, il a été un grand bâtisseur, et que ses fils et petits-fils ont suivi son exemple, tant à Hérat qu’à Samarcande. La cour de Timour impressionne Clavijo par son organisation excellente, par l’extrême raffinement que le souverain exige de ses a..

Relationships Among Maternal Characteristics in Hair Sheep

Since the spring of 2022, the MSU sheep flock has been an Innovation Flock for the Sheep GEMS project, managed by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The GEMS project is a multi-breed, national project evaluating longevity of ewes within flocks. Our part as a participant in the project involves collecting and sending raw data which is compiled into 1 very large data set. The research discussed here uses our preliminary data from the 2022 and 2023 lambing seasons collected from our Katahdin ewes (n =38; 1-4.5 years of age). Collected data included fecal egg count (FEC), body condition scoring (BCS), FAMACHA scores, teat and udder scores. Data were analyzed using the CORR procedure in SAS with a significance level set at P \u3c 0.05. Ewe age provided the most correlations, including a negative relationship (r = -0.384) with teat score and a positive relationship (r = 0.28) with BCS. There was also a negative correlation (r = -0.31) between FEC and ewe age, along with a positive relationship (r = 0.267) with the incidence of mastitis. Furthermore, udder scores were negatively related (r = - 0.25) to FAMACHA, and positively correlated to FEC. Also, the teat score was negatively correlated (r = - 0.34) with BCS. The results of this project underline the importance of multiple traits which could contribute to ewes leaving the flock early.https://scholarworks.moreheadstate.edu/celebration_posters_2023/1028/thumbnail.jp

The Role of Year and Animal Origin on Key Determinants of Ewe Longevity

The MSU sheep flock is an Innovation Flock in the Sheep GEMS project through the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The Sheep GEMS project is a national, multi-breed project that is focused on evaluating different sheep breeds and their longevity in different climates. As a participant, we collect/send raw data that is compiled. Our preliminary data from the 2022 (Year 1) and 2023 (Year 2) lambing season has been included. We collected measurements from Katahdin ewes (n = 38; 1-4.5 years old). We measured fecal egg counts (FEC), FAMACHA scores, body condition scores (BCS), teat and udder scores. Using the MIXED procedures of SAS, we evaluated these measurements for differences between year and origin. As the ewe flock was established in the summer of 2021, our ewes were sourced from 5 outside flocks. Main effects of treatment are reported if no interaction was observed. An interaction of year and origin (P = 0.02) was observed in FEC. A year effect was observed on FAMACHA, as ewes in Year 1 had lower and more desirable FAMACHA scores in comparison to Year 2 (2.18 vs. 1.97, respectively). Teat scores were different by year, (P \u3c 0.01) as Year 1 was higher compared to Year 2 (5.58 and 4.46, respectively). Udder scores were not different by year or origin (P \u3e 0.148). Ewe BCS differed by year (P = 0.06) and origin (P = 0.02). Effects of year were widely seen and speak to the impact of year-to-year changes in environment. IACUC #22-11-02https://scholarworks.moreheadstate.edu/celebration_posters_2023/1004/thumbnail.jp

Skills in Clinical Nursing

The first Australian edition of Skills in Clinical Nursing is a definitive resource that has been designed as a practical and easy-to-navigate reference for both the classroom and clinical practice settings. This text includes 95 of the most important skills performed by nursing students and graduates, organised from simple to complex and written to reflect current evidence-based practice guidelines

Mapping odorant sensitivities reveals a sparse but structured representation of olfactory chemical space by sensory input to the mouse olfactory bulb

© 2022, Burton et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/In olfactory systems, convergence of sensory neurons onto glomeruli generates a map of odorant receptor identity. How glomerular maps relate to sensory space remains unclear. We sought to better characterize this relationship in the mouse olfactory system by defining glomeruli in terms of the odorants to which they are most sensitive. Using high-throughput odorant delivery and ultrasensitive imaging of sensory inputs, we imaged responses to 185 odorants presented at concentrations determined to activate only one or a few glomeruli across the dorsal olfactory bulb. The resulting datasets defined the tuning properties of glomeruli - and, by inference, their cognate odorant receptors - in a low-concentration regime, and yielded consensus maps of glomerular sensitivity across a wide range of chemical space. Glomeruli were extremely narrowly tuned, with ~25% responding to only one odorant, and extremely sensitive, responding to their effective odorants at sub-picomolar to nanomolar concentrations. Such narrow tuning in this concentration regime allowed for reliable functional identification of many glomeruli based on a single diagnostic odorant. At the same time, the response spectra of glomeruli responding to multiple odorants was best predicted by straightforward odorant structural features, and glomeruli sensitive to distinct odorants with common structural features were spatially clustered. These results define an underlying structure to the primary representation of sensory space by the mouse olfactory system.Peer reviewe

Malnutrition defined by GLIM criteria identifies a higher incidence of malnutrition and is associated with pulmonary complications after oesophagogastric cancer surgery, compared to ICD-10-defined malnutrition

Background & Objectives Low muscle mass, measured using computed tomography (CT), is associated with poor surgical outcomes. We aimed to include CT-muscle mass in malnutrition diagnosis using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, compare it to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria, and assess the impact on postoperative outcomes after oesophagogastric (OG) cancer surgery. Methods One hundred and eight patients who underwent radical OG cancer surgery and had preoperative abdominal CT imaging were included. GLIM and ICD-10 malnutrition data were assessed against complication and survival outcomes. Low CT-muscle mass was determined using predefined cut-points. Results GLIM-defined malnutrition prevalence was significantly higher than ICD-10-malnutrition (72.2% vs. 40.7%, p < 0.001). Of the 78 patients with GLIM-defined malnutrition, low muscle mass (84.6%) was the predominant phenotypic criterion. GLIM-defined malnutrition was associated with pneumonia (26.9% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.010) and pleural effusions (12.8% vs. 0%, p = 0.029). Postoperative complications did not correlate with ICD-10 malnutrition. Severe GLIM (HR: 2.51, p = 0.014) and ICD-10 (HR: 2.15, p = 0.039) malnutrition were independently associated with poorer 5-year survival. Conclusions GLIM criteria appear to identify more malnourished patients and more closely relate to surgical risk than ICD-10 malnutrition, likely due to incorporating objective muscle mass assessment