Demokratia: will the Greek ideal work in Greece's favour to return the Parthenon Marbles under international law?

This article reviews the recent publications concerning the centuries-old dispute over the Parthenon Marbles. The discussion focuses on the application of international law to the question of the return of the Parthenon Marbles to Greece, and reviews Professor Catharine Titi’s book The Parthenon Marbles and International Law, with reference to and comparison with Alexander Herman’s book The Parthenon Marbles Dispute. This review specifically evaluates the question of whether there is a customary international law on the return of unlawfully removed cultural heritage, which would require States, and specifically the United Kingdom, to be bound to such a rule. The existence of this rule would strengthen the efforts of Greece to argue for the return of the Marbles, which Titi argues is best resolved through diplomacy, and not recourse to the European Court of Human Rights or the International Court of Justice. Despite a growing global discussion about the need for repatriation of colonial-looted cultural objects, it remains to be seen whether it will have any impact, or indeed put pressure on, the Trustees of the British Museum or the UK Parliament which must pass an act to deaccession the Marbles from the national collection

Obituary

Marjorie Eileen Doris Courtenay-Latimer was bom in 1907. As a girl, she lived in various country towns in the Eastern Cape and Free State and, encouraged by her parents, she developed a deep love of and interest in nature. She was always on the lookout for interesting things and her curiosity and tenacity in pursuing questions until she had answers led her to make many important contributions to natural history. Most famous is her role in saving the first coelacanth known to western science, named Latimeria chalumnae after her as a tribute. This earned her admiration and respect from the scientific community the world over, and put East London and the East London Museum on the world map

Colonial-looted cultural objects in England

This article provides an overview of the state of legislation and the efforts toward the repatriation of colonial-looted cultural objects in England. It discusses the National Heritage Act, Charities Act, and general trust rules which make it challenging to deaccession any objects from museums in the United Kingdom, including and especially colonial-looted objects. It highlights how the UK’s former period of colonization resulted in vast holdings from these territories, but that the UK has yet to create a comprehensive policy on repatriation, despite numerous calls for return of several famous heritage objects, including the Maqdala treasures and the Benin Bronzes. This article sketches the powers of the current possessors – namely national, regional, and university museums. Finally, the article considers the many updates in the conversation surrounding colonial repatriation in 2022, from the debate at the House of Lords to potential changes to the National Heritage Act to the new Charities Act to the publication of Arts Council England’s guidelines for museums on restitution and repatriation

A study of the use of graphic organiser software to support the development of organisational and problem solving skills in a middle school curriculum

Early adolescence, classified from 10-14 years, is an important stage of development where thinking, planning and reasoning skills are evolving. Many young adolescents in this age group encounter problems with these skills in the transition from primary school to high school. Middle school is an educational context which focusses on the provision of support for young adolescents in this transitional period. Graphic organizer software is a program designed to help users visualize problems and organize information into logical structures. This study considered the conditions under which the problem solving and organizational skills of middle school students can be enhanced using graphic organizer software. The conceptual framework for the study rests on recent research into early adolescent brain development and outcomes based education, which form a basis for middle schooling. The ethos of middle schooling provides for a relevant, challenging and integrated curriculum grounded in developmental pedagogy. Integrating graphic organizer software into a middle school curriculum is consistent with middle schooling principles, as it provides for a guided approach to developing problem solving and organizational skills and actively engages the students in this learning process. The software chosen for the study was Inspiration which uses colours, pictures and links to create brainstorms, webs, concept maps and visual diagrams. One class of year eight students in a Western Australian metropolitan Catholic coeducational College was selected as the sample. The graphic organizer software, Inspiration, was integrated into the Society and Environment and English curriculum for these students. The research design for this study incorporated the use of a combination of ethnographic and action-research which enabled the researcher to take into account the cultural context and also apply and evaluate therapeutic action. A variety of qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed. Results of the data analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the skill development of those students who enjoyed using Inspiration compared to those who did not. Those who enjoyed using the software found it helpful in organizing information and planning for the Society and Environment curriculum. TI1e majority of students found the software easier to use as their experience increased and most students stated that Inspiration helped them in the information problem solving areas of planing, understanding and organizing information. The colours, graphics, links, editing and save features of Inspiration were considered the most valuable by both the students and class teacher. The value of Inspiration as a cognitive support tool also emerged as it allowed the teacher to guide the students through the learning process. Access to computers was an issue during this study as the school structure did not adequately support a flexible curriculum or shared resources. This study found that a middle schooling curriculum that is flexible, relevant, allows for shared resources and has an emphasis on a developmental approach provides suitable conditions for the integration of graphic organizer software. It is then likely, that under these conditions, the use of such software will support the development of students\u27 organizational and problem solving skills

Substituent Effects in Unimolecular Ion Decompositions. III - Elucidation of Competing Alternative Pathways for the Formation of a Particular Ion

Alternative means for formation of molecular ion in mass spectr

The nutrient quality and labelling of ready-to-eat snack foods with health and or nutritional claims.

Master of Science in Dietetics and Human Nutrition. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2018.Aim: The incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and obesity in South Africa is increasing at an alarming rate. The nutrition transition and urbanisation has contributed to the adoption of a diet of highly processed, convenience foods. The development of nutrient marketing has the potential to influence purchasing and consumption behaviour. Nutrient content and health claims are prevalent across convenience foods, it is important to determine whether these claims are accurate and whether these foods possess superior qualities to other similar products to prevent the misleading of consumers. This study was conducted to determine the nutrient quality and labelling of South African-produced ready-to-eat (RTE) snack foods displaying health and or nutrition claims. Objectives: To determine: the types of claims displayed on RTE snack foods and the accuracy of these claims; the average nutrient content per category of snack food items; the accuracy of reported total energy content compared to the energy content calculated using the conversion factors in the R146 labelling legislation; and the eligibility of current claims once the R429 legislation is implemented. Method: A descriptive analysis method was used in this study. The study sample consisted of 93 South African-produced RTE snack food products displaying health and or nutrition claims on the label. The following product categories were included in the study: oat, corn or rice cakes; crisps or chips; pretzels and crackers; protein snack bars; fruit bars or snacks; energy or high-performance bars; trail mix; chocolates; biscuits and popcorn. The compliancy of each type of claim, according to the R146 labelling legislation, was investigated. The mean nutrient content per product category was calculated and compared to the mean across the sample. The reported total energy content was compared to the calculated total energy content, as specified in the R146 legislation. The nutrient profile score of products in the sample was analysed using the proposed R429 nutrient profiling model (NPM) to determine whether current health and nutrition claims will be valid once the new legislation is implemented. Results: Nutrient content claims were the most commonly displayed health and or nutrition claim amongst products, twenty three out of 91 (25.3%) nutrient content claims displayed were non-compliant according to the R146 labelling legislation. Items with comparison claims were compliant according to the legislation, however the overall nutrient profile of two of the items with claims were desirable. In terms of the calculated versus reported total energy content, 64 products (68.8%) had a higher reported total energy content than calculated using conversion factors. The R429 NPM deemed that only 22 (23.7%) of the products would be eligible to make health and or nutrition claims once the R429 legislation is implemented. Conclusion: The results found in this study highlight the need for more stringent regulation of nutrition labelling in South Africa. The proposed R429 labelling legislation may have a drastic effect on current nutrition labelling amongst food manufacturers. It can be concluded that the claims displayed on RTE snack food products are not always accurate and regulatory compliance is therefore important to stipulate amongst food manufacturers. A multi-pronged approach including the strengthening of public nutrition education may be needed to improve food choices which may reduce the incidence of NCDs and obesity in South Africa. The standardisation of front-of-package (FOP) labelling with the proposed legislation may improve the current labelling practices in South Africa. This study has highlighted areas where work can be done to improve public health in South Africa