Fruits and Vegetables in the Home Freezer, Factors Affecting Quality

Freezing is one of the simplest and least time-consuming methods of preserving food, and it should yield products which have retained most of their natural color, fresh flavor and nutritive value. However, the quality of frozen food can vary a great deal if the following factors are not given careful consideration: 1. Selection of raw foods 2. Preparation of foqd for freezing 3. Selection of packaging materials 4. Rate of freezing 5. Temperature and length of storage 6. Preparation for table use With the spread of rural electrification in South Dakota, home freezers are being used more and more for food preservation by rural families as well as by urban families with city power. Along with this increased use of freezers have come many questions. The studies which will be reported in this bulletin were planned to help answer some of these questions. Will food freeze as fast in one freezer as another? Does slower freezing seriously affect the palatability and nutritive value of foods? How do packaging materials influence the rate of freezing and retention of quality in frozen foods? How long may various foods be stored

Food Habits of South Dakota Women

The increase in the number of older people in South Dakota as well as in the population of the nation as a whole has\u27 emphasized the need for study of the food habits of individuals as they grow older. This interview-survey of the food habits of 339 South Dakota women 30 years or older selected by area sampling was conducted in the summer and fall of 1949. The interview schedule included information about the woman\u27s family, activities, and general health as well as a 24-hour dietary recall. A general description of South Dakota women and their food habits can be derived from the data collected

Evaluation of the Self-Chosen Weighed Diets of 402 Women 30-97 Years of Age in Seven North Central States

Nutrition research workers in the agricultural experiment stations of the North Central Region and the Home Economics Nutrition Research Branch, USDA, entered into cooperative arrangements in October 1947 to investigate the nutritional status and dietary needs of older women and of school children. This was a part of a nation-wide study of the nutritional status of various population groups for which partial financial support was provided by the Research and Marketing Act of 1946

Chemical Composition of Turkeys as it Affects Palatability and Keeping Quality

Turkeys produced on low and high energy diets were slaughtered for chemical analyses and taste panel evaluations before and after 6 months of frozen storage. Although the carcasses from groups fed the high energy diets were fatter than those fed the low energy diets, there were no differences in palatability scores for flavor, tenderness, and juiciness before or after storage. Likewise there were no consistent over-all preferences before or after storage. Neither were there consistent differences in fat peroxide levels after storage. The stored half-carcasses of toms showed no decline in palatability scores for flavor and tenderness whereas those of hens showed a decline. The toms showed higher juiciness scores than hens

Radiation-induced micronucleus induction in lymphocytes identifies a high frequency of radiosensitive cases among breast cancer patients: a test for predisposition?

Enhanced sensitivity to the chromosome-damaging effects of ionizing radiation is a feature of many cancer-predisposing conditions. We previously showed that 42% of an unselected series of breast cancer patients and 9% of healthy control subjects showed elevated chromosomal radiosensitivity of lymphocytes irradiated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. We suggested that, in addition to the highly penetrant genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, which confer a very high risk of breast cancer and are carried by about 5% of all breast cancer patients, there are also low-penetrance predisposing genes carried by a much higher proportion of breast cancer patients, a view supported by recent epidemiological studies. Ideally, testing for the presence of these putative genes should involve the use of simpler methods than the G2 assay, which requires metaphase analysis of chromosome damage. Here we report on the use of a simple, rapid micronucleus assay in G0 lymphocytes exposed to high dose rate (HDR) or low dose rate gamma-irradiation, with delayed mitogenic stimulation. Good assay reproducibility was obtained, particularly with the HDR protocol, which identified 31% (12 out of 39) of breast cancer patients compared with 5% (2 out of 42) of healthy controls as having elevated radiation sensitivity. In the long term, such cytogenetic assays may have the potential for selecting women for intensive screening for breast cancer

Multipacting in a grooved choke joint at SRF gun for BNL ERL prototype

The 703 MHz superconducting gun for BNL ERL prototype was tested at JLab with and without choke-joint and cathode stalk. Without choke-joint and cathode stalk, the gradient reached was 25 MV/m with Q{sup 0} {approx} 6E9. The gun cathode insertion port is equipped with a grooved choke joint for multipacting suppression. We carried out tests with choke-joint and cathode stalk. The test results show that there are at least two barriers at about 3.5 MV/m and 5 MV/m. We considered several possibilities and finally found that fine details of the grooved shape are important for multipacting suppression. A triangular groove with round crest may cause strong multipacting in the choke-joint at 3.5 MV/m, 5 MV/m and 10 MV/m. This paper presents the primary test results of the gun and discusses the multipacting analysis in the choke-joint. It also suggests possible solutions for the gun and multipacting suppressing for a similar structure

Programmed death ligand-1 expression on donor T cells drives graft-versus-host disease lethality

Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) interaction with PD-1 induces T cell exhaustion and is a therapeutic target to enhance immune responses against cancer and chronic infections. In murine bone marrow transplant models, PD-L1 expression on host target tissues reduces the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). PD-L1 is also expressed on T cells; however, it is unclear whether PD-L1 on this population influences immune function. Here, we examined the effects of PD-L1 modulation of T cell function in GVHD. In patients with severe GVHD, PD-L1 expression was increased on donor T cells. Compared with mice that received WT T cells, GVHD was reduced in animals that received T cells from Pdl1–/– donors. PD-L1–deficient T cells had reduced expression of gut homing receptors, diminished production of inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced rates of apoptosis. Moreover, multiple bioenergetic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism, were also reduced in T cells lacking PD-L1. Finally, the reduction of acute GVHD lethality in mice that received Pdl1–/– donor cells did not affect graft-versus-leukemia responses. These data demonstrate that PD-L1 selectively enhances T cell–mediated immune responses, suggesting a context-dependent function of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, and suggest selective inhibition of PD-L1 on donor T cells as a potential strategy to prevent or ameliorate GVHD