The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese Warof 1937–1945

The title of this book appropriately sug- gests a degree of ambiguity regarding the actors fighting over the territorial integrity and cultural identity of China. The interplay of imperial Japan, Na- tionalist and Communist Chinese, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and the United States from 1937 through 1945 creates a terrain challenging to navigate with historical accuracy and objective truth. The conflicting view- points on these contentious events have proved difficult, and perhaps impossible, material from which to develop a definitive narrative. Consequently, the editors have chosen to avoid illusions of defining the “facts” of the matter, instead offering a number of exploratory essays from opposing viewpoints. In order to offer this multisource assess- ment, the editors coordinated the efforts of scholars from China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States

Ecological approaches to speech perception

A literature review demonstrates that very general scientific presuppositions which Whitehead regarded as instances of the fallacy of misplaced concreteness and Bohm labelled 'fragmentation' characterise current research in speech perception. It is then argued that the following two hypotheses allow these presuppositions to be tested 1 For every exclusively auditory experiment in speech perception, an attempted replication to the audio-visual case can be conducted which will result in a failure to replicate. 2 If an effect that is obtained through dubbing can also be produced with at least contrinsically related optical and acoustic signals, an experiment can be conducted which will result in a failure to replicate from dubbing to the more naturalistic case. A series of twelve experiments provides strong evidence to support both of the hypotheses. This is taken to establish that future speech research must orientate itself relative to naturalistic speech perception and not the dimensions of Physics. Some implications of this reorientation are discussed

IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER? OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS OF SCIENTIFIC POLICY ANALYSIS FOR AGRICULTURE

Agricultural and Food Policy,

Innovation Policy and Chronic Emergencies

The COVID-19 pandemic has thrust the potential role of the state as a driver of scientific innovation onto center stage. Vaccines have been developed and brought to market in a timescale that seemed almost impossible when the crisis first struck. The pivotal nature of government intervention in this crisis has added to calls from academics and policy makers to adopt a more proactive, mission-oriented approach to innovation policy to tackle other key global challenges. This Article considers the merits of these calls and argues that an important distinction must be drawn between what this Article terms acute and chronic emergencies. COVID-19 is a paradigmatic example of an acute emergency: its onset was rapid, its impact was dramatic, and it is a problem that demands resolution for life to proceed “as normal.” Chronic emergencies, such as the problem of Anti-Microbial Resistance, can be just as, or more deadly than, acute emergencies but have a “frog in the pot” quality. They emerge over time, and, although they can have profound social and economic effects, they do so in ways that are less immediate and hence less demanding of government attention. Without the urgency, sense of purpose, and spirit of cooperation that accompany acute emergencies, there is a risk that mission-oriented approaches may fail to deliver new technologies the world urgently needs. This Article considers the problem of applying mission-oriented approaches to chronic emergencies. The analysis is grounded in an examination of Britain’s system of innovation rewards in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, drawing on an extensive historical data set that the authors are continuing to develop. The central argument put forward in this Article is that Britain’s historical system offers lessons for crafting state intervention to spur innovation aimed at chronic emergencies today. Britain’s historical system was effective because rewards were largely bestowed post hoc with relatively little prescription as to the problems at which innovators should direct their efforts, and still less as to the methods and means that should be used to tackle them. Perhaps most importantly, these rewards fed into and helped create a culture of innovation. The Article concludes with a proposal for change—namely, that the way innovation prizes are designed should be reconsidered. Prizes must preserve space for scientific and technical freedom and ought not to be built around the sort of rigidly defined criteria that proponents of mission-oriented innovation policies often advocate

Innovation Policy and Chronic Emergencies

The COVID-19 pandemic has thrust the potential role of the state as a driver of scientific innovation onto center stage. Vaccines have been developed and brought to market in a timescale that seemed almost impossible when the crisis first struck. The pivotal nature of government intervention in this crisis has added to calls from academics and policy makers to adopt a more proactive, mission-oriented approach to innovation policy to tackle other key global challenges. This Article considers the merits of these calls and argues that an important distinction must be drawn between what this Article terms acute and chronic emergencies. COVID-19 is a paradigmatic example of an acute emergency: its onset was rapid, its impact was dramatic, and it is a problem that demands resolution for life to proceed “as normal.” Chronic emergencies, such as the problem of Anti-Microbial Resistance, can be just as, or more deadly than, acute emergencies but have a “frog in the pot” quality. They emerge over time, and, although they can have profound social and economic effects, they do so in ways that are less immediate and hence less demanding of government attention. Without the urgency, sense of purpose, and spirit of cooperation that accompany acute emergencies, there is a risk that mission-oriented approaches may fail to deliver new technologies the world urgently needs. This Article considers the problem of applying mission-oriented approaches to chronic emergencies. The analysis is grounded in an examination of Britain’s system of innovation rewards in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, drawing on an extensive historical data set that the authors are continuing to develop. The central argument put forward in this Article is that Britain’s historical system offers lessons for crafting state intervention to spur innovation aimed at chronic emergencies today. Britain’s historical system was effective because rewards were largely bestowed post hoc with relatively little prescription as to the problems at which innovators should direct their efforts, and still less as to the methods and means that should be used to tackle them. Perhaps most importantly, these rewards fed into and helped create a culture of innovation. The Article concludes with a proposal for change—namely, that the way innovation prizes are designed should be reconsidered. Prizes must preserve space for scientific and technical freedom and ought not to be built around the sort of rigidly defined criteria that proponents of mission-oriented innovation policies often advocate

Riang Ria Biola: Creating and Evaluating a Violin Repertoire Book of Malaysian Folksongs

This article will discuss the creation of a repertoire book for beginner-to-intermediate level violin that uses Malaysian folksongs. The book comes with an accompanying compact disc (CD). The article will also present the findings of a research project that trialed the book to ascertain the effectiveness of the book, testing whether the use of folksongs assisted in student learning, exploring the Kodály tenant that traditional folksongs are the ‘native tongue’ of the beginner student, thus assisting the student to more readily relate to it, and learn more naturally

The Non-Destructive Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation

This thesis investigates the electrochemical response and degradation of lithium-ion cells under combinations of calendar, cycle and compression conditions. Since the operating conditions of lithium-ion batteries are varied and dynamic throughout their life, the ageing of cells needs to be examined under representative individual scenarios. The following scenarios were examined separately using several non-destructive analysis methods, which respectively provide new methodologies, ageing theories and perspectives on the ageing of lithium-ion cells. Calendar ageing promoted a spoon-shaped dependence of state-of-charge (SoC) on capacity fade, which was linked to shuttle-based self-discharge. After calendar ageing, cells were cycled under aggressive or conservative conditions. A potential ageing path dependence was identified, where the outcome of cycling was influenced by previous calendar history. Reversible capacity losses were found to interfere with measurements of the degradation rate of cells during a cycling study, where the reversible loss of lithium into anode overhang regions led to greater capacity fade. Storage periods at low SoC recovered, quantified and identified the origins of the reversible capacity, and an alternative visualisation tool was proposed to identify time-related artefacts that led to such losses. To aid the design of a test-rig capable of applying uniform pressure, finite element analysis and experimental validation measurements were performed. Next, static measurements in the absence of cycling were performed to disentangle the effects of pressure on lithium-ion pouch cells. Pressure was found to have an instant effect on capacity and pulse resistance. The largest increases in resistance were observed at very low pressure levels, which were found to be almost entirely reversible upon decompression. These scenarios were then brought together to inform novel conclusions about the degradation and ageing behaviour of lithium-ion cells under dynamic conditions. Information gained from these studies provide the foundations for further examination of the effects of dynamic operational conditions

Reframing the Fields

The conception of metaphoric process elaborated by Mary Gerhart and Allan Russell illuminates a key mechanism often involved in the most significant advances in science and religion. Attention to this conceptual device provides a productive way to reframe the relationships and dialogues between the fields. The theory has compelling implications for reframing the understanding of theology and its task

Correcting the story of Iwo Jima : tragedy and triumph in the Pacific war

My work on the Battle of Iwo Jima, a contest which occurred between with United States and Japan between February 19 and March 26, 1945, constitutes a groundbreaking revision to previous narratives.1 These five publications on the topic, published between 2004 and 2007, are based on extensive research conducted from 1999 through 2005 in the United States, particularly in the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force and National archives. The following paper briefly describes the historiography and established narrative of the battle from 1945 through 2003, prior to my research. It then proceeds to outline the major arguments my scholarship established concerning strategic aspects of the battle, as well as the fundamental importance of Iwo Jima’s legacy to the Marine Corps. Finally, this paper highlights how my work was initially received in academic circles and then how the current historical consensus has solidified following my publications