Contemporary strategy of pulmonary hypertension management in pediatrics

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in pediatrics is a polygenic multifactorial condition with extremely adverse prognosis. Selection of optimal management is a severe task. In absence of treatment the mean life duration in children is not higher one year. Last two decades, revolution in approaches to treatment improved the survival of this patients group. Recently, pediatricians and pediatric cardiologists have three drugs groups that act on the main pathogenetic chains of PH: endothelin pathway, nitric oxide pathway and prostacyclin pathway. At the moment, approaches to pediatric PH are based on the data obtained in the trials on adult patients. However, not long ago there were first randomized trials on children performed. The group of authors of current article presents a modern view on the problem of PH in children, and expert recommendations on children management. Class of recommendations and evidence level were set by the data obtained in pediatric population or on adult population with at least 10%of children included. To the strategy, developed by the Russian clinicians, laid the analysis of experience of the pathology treatment in Russian Federation, as the current practics and clinical guidelines on pediatric PH in Europe, and the recent trials published. © 2018 Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Kardiologov. All rights reserved

Нетканые материалы на основе поликапролактона для тканевой инженерии: выбор структуры и способа заселения

Nonwoven polycaprolactone materials produced by electrospinning are perspective internal prosthetic implants. Seeding these implants with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells stimulates the replacement of the prosthesis with recipient's own connective tissue. Electrospinning method was used for producing polycaprolactone matrices differing in thickness, pore diameter, fiber size, and biomechanical properties. Labeled cells were seeded on scaffolds in three ways: (1) static, (2) dynamic, and (3) directed flow of the cell suspension generated by capillary action. Cell distribution on the surface and the interior of the scaffolds was studied; the metabolic activity of cells was measured by MTT assay. Static seeding method yielded fully confluence of cells covered the entire scaffold surface, but the cells were located primarily in the upper third of the matrix. Dynamic method proved to be effective only for scaffolds of thickness greater than 500 microns, irrespective of the pore diameter. The third method was effective only for scaffolds with the pore diameter of 20-30 microns, regardless of the material thickness. Resorbable nonwoven polycaprolactone electrospun materials have appropriate biomechanical properties and similar to native tissue matrix structures for internal prosthesis. The choice of the most effective cell seeding method depends on the spatial characteristics - the material thickness, pore diameter, and fibers size, which are determined by the electrospinning conditions.Нетканые материалы на основе поликапролактона, полученные методом электроформования, являются перспективными имплантатами для эндопротезирования. Заселение таких имплантатов мультипотентными мезенхимальными стромальными клетками способствует замещению протеза собственной соединительной тканью реципиента. Целью настоящего исследования являлось сравнение эффективности трех методов заселения клетками нетканых носителей на основе поликапролактона, обладающих различными пространственными характеристиками. Методом электроформования были получены три образца поликапролактоновых матриц, отличающихся толщиной, диаметром пор и волокон, биомеханическими свойствами. Заселение носителей мечеными мультипотентными мезенхимальными стромальными клетками пупочного канатика проводили тремя способами: статичным, динамическим и методом с использованием капиллярного эффекта. Оценивали распределение клеток по поверхности и толщине образцов, метаболическую активность клеток измеряли с помощью МТТ-теста. Статичный метод позволил получить носители с равномерным покрытием поверхности, однако клетки в основном располагались в верхней трети матрикса. Динамический метод оказался эффективен только для носителей толщиной более 500 мкм, независимо от диаметра пор. Метод заселения с использованием капиллярного эффекта был эффективен только для носителей с диаметром пор 20-30 мкм, независимо от толщины материала. Биорезорбируемые нетканые материалы на основе по-ликапролактона, полученные методом электроформования, обладают подходящими биомеханическими свойствами для выполнения пластики дефектов стенок брюшной полости, имеют сходное с матриксом нативной ткани строение. Выбор наиболее эффективного метода заселения носителей клетками зависит от его пространственных характеристик - толщины материала, диаметра пор и волокон, которые, в свою очередь, определяются условиями электроформования материала

A new thermal and rheological model of the European lithosphere

We present a new thermal and rheological model of the European lithosphere (10°W-35°E; 35°N-60°N), which is based on a combination of recently obtained geophysical models. To determine temperature distribution we use a new tomography model, which is principally improved by an a-priori correction of the crustal effect, by using EuCRUST-07, a new digital model of the European crust. The inversion approach is similar to those used in previous studies, but the employment of a more robust tomography model essentially improves the result. The uppermost mantle under western and central Europe is mostly characterized by temperatures in a range of 900°-1100 °C, with the hottest areas corresponding to the basins, which have experienced recent extension (e.g. Tyrrhenian Sea and Pannonian Basin). By contrast, the mantle temperatures under eastern Europe are about 550°-750 °C at the same depth and the minimum values are found in the northeastern part of the study area. The new temperature estimates are used to trace the lithosphere-asthenosphere thermal boundary, as a depth of the isotherm of 1200 °C. The lithospheric thickness is less than 100 km beneath the hottest part of western and central Europe, while the maximum values are observed beneath the East European Platform (200-230 km), the Alps and the Dinarides-Hellenic Arc (150-180 km). EuCRUST-07 and the new thermal model are used to calculate the strength distribution within the European lithosphere. Differently from previous estimates, the new model adopts lateral variations of lithology and density, which are derived from the crustal model. According to these estimates, in western and central Europe the lithosphere is more heterogeneous than in eastern Europe, the latter being generally characterized by higher strength values. These strength variations are also in a good agreement with other geophysical characteristics of the lithosphere such as residual mantle gravity anomalies. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved