''Good for all he would ask'' : Credit and Debt in the Transition to Industrial Capitalism — The Case of Mid-nineteenth Century Brantford, Ontario

The transition to industrial capitalism in mid-nineteenth century Canada made not only the working-class, but also the bourgeoisie and, in so doing, altered the social meaning of self-employment. Using manuscript census schedules, assessment rolls, land records and credit reports, this paper reconstructs the business population of Brantford, Ontario, at four cross-sections from 1851 to 1881 to examine the role of credit and debt in this change. The re-evaluation of the nature of risk after the depression of 1857 tied credit more securely to tangible assets and thereby rejected what had been a central tenet of the morality of the commercial economy: the claim of the independent, responsible and respectable man to credit on the basis of his character. Rather than the expression of independence by the socially mature man, self-employment henceforth necessitated the qualification of independence through the encumbering of property. La transition vers le capitalisme industriel au Canada, au milieu du XIXe siècle, créait non seulement la classe, ouvrière, mais aussi la bourgeoisie, entraînant ainsi une modification du sens social du travail indépendant. Le présent article, à l’aide de manuscrits de recensements aussi bien que de rôles d’évaluation, de registres fonciers et de rapports de crédit, reconstitue la population commerçante de Brantford, en Ontario, sous forme de quatre profils pour la période allant de 1851 à 1881, et ce dans le but d’examiner le rôle du crédit et de la dette au cours de cette évolution. La réévaluation de la nature du risque après la crise de 1857 a eu pour effet de lier plus rigoureusement le crédit à des valeurs matérielles et d’écarter ainsi un principe jusqu’alors fondamental de la morale de l’économie commerciale : le droit au crédit de l’homme autonome, sérieux et respectable selon des critères de bonnes mœurs. L’accès au travail indépendant allait désormais présupposer que le candidat justifie de son autonomie par l’engagement de biens plutôt que par la simple attestation de sa maturité sociale

Land Loss: Attachment, Place and Identity in Coastal Louisiana

This dissertation explores how people frame environmental change. Specifically, this work explores the identity loss that residents of coastal Louisiana experience due to coastal land loss. I rely on 126 in-depth interviews of residents from communities in six coastal parishes (counties). Respondents convey the meanings they give to land loss through constructing a narrative of place. A phenomenological approach is employed that focuses on how stories are told and the subjective interpretations of societal members. First, Louisiana\u27s coastal communities hold a significant attachment to place that in many cases has been developing for close to three centuries. For most residents, place is an inseparable part of identity. Second, Louisiana\u27s coastal land loss is an environmental disaster that causes a heightened awareness of place attachment among residents. Along with a keen awareness of their attachment due to anxiety over land loss, residents believe little is being done to abate that loss. While some erosion and subsidence of the coastal wetlands is natural, much of the loss is caused by human action upon the environment. Communities have watched this mostly slow onset disaster for over fifty years, yet the issue only began receiving significant attention in the last few years of the twentieth century. A third factor contributing to the sense of loss residents experience is their alienation from the bureaucratic and technological processes of coastal restoration. Residents believe that their localized expert knowledge has been dismissed by the institutional expertise of scientific knowledge. Residents say that part of who they are is eroding and they feel helpless and in some respects, prevented from doing anything to alleviate that loss. Exploring the impact of Louisiana\u27s coastal land loss on residents\u27 attachment and identification with place can shed light on the role communities themselves can play in policy and restoration projects. In this regard, the meanings residents\u27 ascribe to places are important for how and what decisions are made concerning those places

Frontier of Opportunity: The Social Organization of Self-Employment in Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1881-1901

In the 1870s and early 1880s Winnipeg seemed a frontier of opportunity for hundreds of men seeking a future in business. This article links the manuscript census records and the credit reports of Dun, Wiman and Co. for 1881, 1891, and 1901 to evaluate the prospects of self-employed businessmen. The rate of self-employment in Winnipeg was higher in 1881 than that documented in studies of Ontario. This higher rate was not sustained past 1901, however, and was accompanied in the 1880s and 1890s by a high rate of business closures. By the beginning of the twentieth century, businesses fell under the surveillance of metropolitan credit reporters who informed lenders of their capital and credit worthiness. Credit ratings and business success became increasingly associated with capital, and those with the least capital and without credit reports had the greatest difficulty in staying in business.Dans les années 1870 et au début des années 1880, Winnipeg ressemblait à une terre d’avenir pour des centaines d’hommes cherchant à se faire une vie dans le monde des affaires. Cet article couple les documents manuscrits de recensement aux rapports de solvabilité de Dun, Wiman and Co. pour les années 1881, 1891 et 1901 afin d’évaluer les perspectives qui s’offraient aux entrepreneurs autonomes. En 1881, le taux de travail indépendant observé à Winnipeg était plus élevé que celui relevé dans les études portant sur l’Ontario. Ce taux supérieur ne s’est toutefois pas maintenu après 1901 et s’accompagnait dans les années 1880 et 1890 d’un taux élevé de fermetures d’entreprises. Au début du XXe siècle, les entreprises tombèrent sous la surveillance des agences métropolitaines d’évaluation du crédit, qui informaient les prêteurs de la suffisance de leur capital et de leur solvabilité. Les cotes de solvabilité et le succès des entreprises devinrent de plus en plus associés au capital et les entreprises ayant le moins de capital et n’ayant pas de rapports de solvabilité étaient celles qui avaient le plus de difficulté à rester en affaires

Fracture of a viscous liquid

When a viscous liquid hits a pool of liquid of same nature, the impact region is hollowed by the shock. Its bottom becomes extremely sharp if increasing the impact velocity, and we report that the curvature at that place increases exponentially with the flow velocity, in agreement with a theory by Jeong and Moffatt. Such a law defines a characteristic velocity for the collapse of the tip, which explains both the cusp-like shape of this region, and the instability of the cusp if increasing (slightly) the impact velocity. Then, a film of the upper phase is entrained inside the pool. We characterize the critical velocity of entrainment of this phase and compare our results with recent predictions by Eggers

Flight Acoustic Testing and For the Rotorcraft Noise Data Acquisition Model (RNM)

Two acoustic flight tests have been conducted on a remote test range at Eglin Air Force Base in the panhandle of Florida. The first was the "Acoustics Week" flight test conducted in September 2003. The second was the NASA Heavy Lift Rotorcraft Acoustics Flight Test conducted in October-November 2005. Benchmark acoustic databases were obtained for a number of rotorcraft and limited fixed wing vehicles for a variety of flight conditions. The databases are important for validation of acoustic prediction programs such as the Rotorcraft Noise Model (RNM), as well as for the development of low noise flight procedures and for environmental impact assessments. An overview of RNM capabilities and a detailed description of the RNM/ART (Acoustic Repropagation Technique) process are presented. The RNM/ART process is demonstrated using measured acoustic data for the MD600N. The RNM predictions for a level flyover speed sweep show the highest SEL noise levels on the flight track centerline occurred at the slowest vehicle speeds. At these slower speeds, broadband noise content is elevated compared to noise levels obtained at the higher speeds. A descent angle sweep shows that, in general, ground noise levels increased with increasing descent rates. Vehicle orientation in addition to vehicle position was found to significantly affect the RNM/ART creation of source noise semi-spheres for vehicles with highly directional noise characteristics and only mildly affect those with weak acoustic directionality. Based on these findings, modifications are proposed for RNM/ART to more accurately define vehicle and rotor orientation

Geospatial analysis of fortification locations on the island of Tongatapu, Tonga

Recent research investigating earthwork fortifications on Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga, using lidar data identified numerous defensive sites on the island (Parton et al. 2018), with the antiquity of the earliest building phase dating to at least 1300 CE (Clark et al. 2018; Spennemann 1989). This corresponds well with the hypothesis that fortifications appear in the Pacific at 1300–1800 CE (Field 2008). However, it is widely held that most fortifications on Tongatapu were constructed during the civil war era, from 1799 to 1852 CE (McKern 1929; Spennemann 1986; Wood 1975). Beyond questions about the exact timing of initial fortification construction, there is considerable debate about the reasons populations need to defend their land. This debate is not limited to Tonga, as it has been suggested that environmental factors and climate shifts played a significant role in the emergence of social conflict in the Pacific in general (Field 2004; Field and Lape 2010). The selection of natural defensive locations on islands has been reported from numerous parts of Oceania (Field 2008). Hill fort/ridgeline location is a common occurrence on well-researched island groups, such as Fiji (Best 1993) and Samoa (Golson 1969). This argument is also reflected in previous descriptions of fort construction under Tongan influence, such as Spennemann’s (1989:481, see also Best 1993) assertion that Tongans constructed a large upland fort on the island of Lakeba in east Fiji: Tongans were actually responsible for the erection of the Ulunikoro fortification, and Best’s argument appears convincing in the light of present evidence, it is a good example to show that fortification types are predominantly governed by topographical conditions rather than by ‘cultural’ traits. In this chapter, we report geospatial analyses of earthwork fortifications on Tongatapu (Figure 9.1). Our primary concern is the location of forts in the landscape rather than the age of defensive sites as the majority of Tongatapu forts are currently undated. In addition, we focus on enclosed/partially enclosed earthwork fortifications that are the dominant type of defensive site on Tongatapu compared with the small number of linear earthworks (Parton et al. 2018). Tongatapu is a low-lying limestone island with few natural defences. There are no steep escarpments on the lagoon side of the island, and few inland high points or vertical ridges

The Rooming Houses of Furby Street

50 p.This magazine is part of a much larger historical study, Living on Furby, Narratives ofHome. The larger study is a detailed history of one block of Furby, between Portage and Broadway, from its beginnings to the present day. This magazine extracts and elaborates material from the main study to focus on one aspect of the block's history- rooming houses. The understanding of rooming houses on the block has changed throughout its history, from a commonly accepted and respectable way of life in the block's first century, to a way of warehousing low-income people in substandard housing in the last 20 years. To show this change, the history of the block is divided into four periods: BEGINNINGS --First Nations times to the Forties ROOMING "HOMES" --The Forties to the Seventies. POVERTY --The Seventies to 2003 REVITALIZATION -- 1996 to 2008 Each period is described with three to five chapters. These chapters tell the stories of many people who lived,in the houses. Their stories are placed in the wider context of historical events and·trends in the city and the country. At the end of each period, there is a brief discussion of some historical themes which we encountered as we did this research. These discussions include an explanation of how the research was conducted. We hope these discussions and explanations might encourage and assist individuals and community groups who want to undertake similar historical research. This magazine focuses on the rooming houses on Furby. But there is much more to the history of this block than simply rooming houses. The broader and more complex history can be found in the main historical study: Living on Furby, Narratives of Home, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1880 - 2005, University of Winnipeg, 2008 http://ius.uwinnipeg.ca/WIRA/wira_publications.htmWinnipeg Inner-City Research Allianc

Flight Acoustic Testing and Data Acquisition For the Rotor Noise Model (RNM)

Two acoustic flight tests have been conducted on a remote test range at Eglin Air Force Base in the panhandle of Florida. The first was the Acoustics Week flight test conducted in September 2003. The second was the NASA Heavy Lift Rotorcraft Acoustics Flight Test conducted in October-November 2005. Benchmark acoustic databases were obtained for a number of rotorcraft and limited fixed wing vehicles for a variety of flight conditions. The databases are important for validation of acoustic prediction programs such as the Rotorcraft Noise Model (RNM), as well as for the development of low noise flight procedures and for environmental impact assessments. An overview of RNM capabilities and a detailed description of the RNM/ART (Acoustic Repropagation Technique) process are presented. The RNM/ART process is demonstrated using measured acoustic data for the MD600N. The RNM predictions for a level flyover speed sweep show the highest SEL noise levels on the flight track centerline occurred at the slowest vehicle speeds. At these slower speeds, broadband noise content is elevated compared to noise levels obtained at the higher speeds. A descent angle sweep shows that, in general, ground noise levels increased with increasing descent rates. Vehicle orientation in addition to vehicle position was found to significantly affect the RNM/ART creation of source noise semi-spheres for vehicles with highly directional noise characteristics and only mildly affect those with weak acoustic directionality. Based on these findings, modifications are proposed for RNM/ART to more accurately define vehicle and rotor orientation