Role of the Nuclear and Electromagnetic Interactions in the Coherent Dissociation of the Relativistic 7^7Li Nucleus into the 3^3H + 4^4He Channel

The differential cross section in the transverse momentum $Q$ and a total cross section of $(31\pm4)$ mb for the coherent dissociation of a 3-A-GeV/$c$ $^7$Li nucleus through the $^3$H$+^4$He channel have been measured on emulsion nuclei. The observed $Q$ dependence of the cross section is explained by the predominant supposition of the nuclear diffraction patterns on light (C, N, O) and heavy (Br, Ag) emulsion nuclei. The contributions to the cross section from nuclear diffraction ($Q\le400$ MeV/$c$) and Coulomb $(Q\le50$ MeV/$c$) dissociations are calculated to be 40.7 and 4 mb, respectively.Comment: ISSN 0021-3640, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 200

The Peculiarities of Ideas about Law and Justice among High School Students

Introduction. In recent decades, scholars have shown greater research interest in aspects of legal literacy of young people regarding democratic processes in the Russian society. However, despite increasing relevance of the problem of developing and strengthening the legal awareness of modern young people, including university students, this issue has not been sufficiently studied. Meanwhile, subjective misinterpretation of the concepts of law and justice, a low level of legal culture and legal nihilism can be the causes of youth offences, as well as the factors, which distort the worldview under formation.The present publication is aimed to investigate the role of ideas about the law and justice in the structure of legal awareness of students of higher education institutions.Methodology and research methods. In the course of the empirical research, the following psychodiagnostic methods were employed: the questionnaire created on the basis of L. A. Yasyukova’s and the procedures of free associations. To process the obtained data, the content analysis and the methods of mathematic statistics, the criterion φ* (Fisher’s angular transformation) and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion λ were used.Results and scientific novelty. Theoretical approaches to the problem under discussion have been analysed, according to which legal awareness is determined by the conditions of society. Instability of these conditions generates a “paradoxical personality” (M. I. Yenikeev), who accepts and rejects social norms. It is noted that the Russian legal culture is negatively affected by such factors as the dissonance between legal ideology and legal psychology, weakness of civil society institutions, deep financial and economic crisis, etc.The conducted survey manifested that the specifics of vocational education programme do not have a significant impact on the development of student perceptions of law and justice. The peculiarities of this component of legal awareness of students are revealed. The participants of the survey were convinced that the law should be fair; otherwise, it is not necessary to obey the law. The survey revealed that recognising the priority of legislation over conscience in administrative matters, the respondents believed that only just professionals should be at the head of state, regardless of their moral qualities. According to the respondents, orientation on honor and justice should be the basis of order in the society, but the participants noted the ambiguity of these concepts. On the one hand, students understand justice from the position of social balance (everyone receives what they deserve), on the other hand, they are convinced that social justice is ensured by equality. Young people are interested in the dynamics of the current legislation and believe that everyone should have basic legal knowledge, and ignorance of the law does not exempt a person from this responsibility. The respondents are sure that the law is the same for everyone and is enforceable equally by everyone; moreover, the law is designed to protect the interests of a particular person, not society as a whole. The majority of respondents generated the estimation that the ability to defend own rights is more significant than the performance of duties. The authors of the present research draw a generalised conclusion that university students’ perceptions of law and justice are inconsistent and contradictory.Practical significance. The research results can be used by teachers and psychologists of higher educational institutions, as well as by various experts to develop the programmes for formation of youth legal awareness.Введение. В последние десятилетия в связи с демократическими процессами в российском обществе среди ученых заметно вырос исследовательский интерес к аспектам правовой грамотности молодежи. Однако проблема становления и укрепления правосознания современных молодых людей, в том числе студентов вузов, несмотря на ее актуальность, изучена далеко не достаточно. Между тем субъективное неверное понимание права и законности, невысокий уровень правовой культуры и тем более правовой нигилизм могут быть факторами, искажающими формирующееся мировоззрение, а также причинами правонарушений в молодежной среде. Цель статьи – обозначить роль представлений о законе и справедливости в структуре правосознания студентов, обучающихся на разных специальностях в высшей школе. Методы и методики. В эмпирическом исследовании были задействованы психодиагностические методы – анкетирование, организованное с опорой на методику Л. А. Ясюковой, и процедуры свободных ассоциаций. Для обработки полученных данных применялись контент-анализ и методы математической статистики, критерий φ * (углового преобразования Фишера) и критерий λ Колмогорова-Смирнова. Результаты и научная новизна. Проанализированы теоретические подходы к обсуждаемой проблеме, согласно которым правосознание определяется условиями жизни общества. Нестабильность этих условий порождает «парадоксальную личность» (М. И. Еникеев), одновременно и принимающую, и отвергающую социальные нормы. Констатируется, что на российской правовой культуре негативно отражаются такие факторы, как диссонанс между правовой идеологией и правовой психологией, слабость институтов гражданского общества, глубокий финансово-экономический кризис и др. В ходе опроса установлено, что специфика осваиваемой программы профессионального образования не оказывает значимого влияния на развитие представлений студенчества о законе и справедливости. Выявлены особенности этого компонента правосознания обучающихся. Участники анкетирования были убеждены, что закон должен быть справедливым, в противном случае не нужно ему подчиняться. Признавая приоритет законодательства перед совестью при решении административных вопросов, они полагают, что во главе государства должны находиться профессионалы вне зависимости от их моральных качеств. Основой порядка в социуме, по мнению респондентов, должна быть ориентация на честь и справедливость, однако испытуемые отметили неоднозначность данных понятий. Сами студенты, с одной стороны, понимают справедливость с позиции общественного баланса (каждый получает то, что заслужил), с другой стороны, убеждены, что социальная справедливость обеспечивается равенством. Молодые люди интересуются динамикой действующего законодательства и считают, что иметь базовые правовые знания должен каждый человек, а незнание не освобождает от ответственности; что закон – один для всех и подлежит исполнению всеми одинаково, при этом он призван защищать интересы конкретного человека, а не общества в целом. Умение отстаивать свои права большинство опрошенных оценило выше, чем выполнение обязанностей. Авторы делают общий вывод о том, что представления студентов вуза о законе и справедливости являются непоследовательными и носят противоречивый характер. Практическая значимость. Материалы исследования могут быть использованы преподавателями и психологами высших учебных заведений для совершенствования программ формирования правосознания молодежи

Matter in Strong Magnetic Fields

The properties of matter are significantly modified by strong magnetic fields, $B>>2.35\times 10^9$ Gauss ($1 G =10^{-4} Tesla$), as are typically found on the surfaces of neutron stars. In such strong magnetic fields, the Coulomb force on an electron acts as a small perturbation compared to the magnetic force. The strong field condition can also be mimicked in laboratory semiconductors. Because of the strong magnetic confinement of electrons perpendicular to the field, atoms attain a much greater binding energy compared to the zero-field case, and various other bound states become possible, including molecular chains and three-dimensional condensed matter. This article reviews the electronic structure of atoms, molecules and bulk matter, as well as the thermodynamic properties of dense plasma, in strong magnetic fields, $10^9G << B < 10^{16}G$. The focus is on the basic physical pictures and approximate scaling relations, although various theoretical approaches and numerical results are also discussed. For the neutron star surface composed of light elements such as hydrogen or helium, the outermost layer constitutes a nondegenerate, partially ionized Coulomb plasma if $B<<10^{14}G$, and may be in the form of a condensed liquid if the magnetic field is stronger (and temperature $<10^6$ K). For the iron surface, the outermost layer of the neutron star can be in a gaseous or a condensed phase depending on the cohesive property of the iron condensate.Comment: 45 pages with 9 figures. Many small additions/changes. Accepted for publication in Rev. Mod. Phy

Comparative constructions of similarity in Northern Samoyedic languages

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the suffixes which are used in Northern Samoyedic languages to build comparative constructions of equality. Depending on the language, the suffixes may perform three functions: word-building, form-building, and inflectional. When they mark the noun, they serve as simulative suffixes and are employed to build object comparison. In the inflectional function, these suffixes mark the verb and are a means of constructing situational comparison. In this case, they signal the formation of a special mood termed the Approximative. This paper provides a detailed description of the Approximative from paradigmatic and syntagmatic perspectives

The Peculiarities of Ideas about Law and Justice among High School Students

Introduction. In recent decades, scholars have shown greater research interest in aspects of legal literacy of young people regarding democratic processes in the Russian society. However, despite increasing relevance of the problem of developing and strengthening the legal awareness of modern young people, including university students, this issue has not been sufficiently studied. Meanwhile, subjective misinterpretation of the concepts of law and justice, a low level of legal culture and legal nihilism can be the causes of youth offences, as well as the factors, which distort the worldview under formation.The present publication is aimed to investigate the role of ideas about the law and justice in the structure of legal awareness of students of higher education institutions.Methodology and research methods. In the course of the empirical research, the following psychodiagnostic methods were employed: the questionnaire created on the basis of L. A. Yasyukova’s and the procedures of free associations. To process the obtained data, the content analysis and the methods of mathematic statistics, the criterion φ* (Fisher’s angular transformation) and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion λ were used.Results and scientific novelty. Theoretical approaches to the problem under discussion have been analysed, according to which legal awareness is determined by the conditions of society. Instability of these conditions generates a “paradoxical personality” (M. I. Yenikeev), who accepts and rejects social norms. It is noted that the Russian legal culture is negatively affected by such factors as the dissonance between legal ideology and legal psychology, weakness of civil society institutions, deep financial and economic crisis, etc.The conducted survey manifested that the specifics of vocational education programme do not have a significant impact on the development of student perceptions of law and justice. The peculiarities of this component of legal awareness of students are revealed. The participants of the survey were convinced that the law should be fair; otherwise, it is not necessary to obey the law. The survey revealed that recognising the priority of legislation over conscience in administrative matters, the respondents believed that only just professionals should be at the head of state, regardless of their moral qualities. According to the respondents, orientation on honor and justice should be the basis of order in the society, but the participants noted the ambiguity of these concepts. On the one hand, students understand justice from the position of social balance (everyone receives what they deserve), on the other hand, they are convinced that social justice is ensured by equality. Young people are interested in the dynamics of the current legislation and believe that everyone should have basic legal knowledge, and ignorance of the law does not exempt a person from this responsibility. The respondents are sure that the law is the same for everyone and is enforceable equally by everyone; moreover, the law is designed to protect the interests of a particular person, not society as a whole. The majority of respondents generated the estimation that the ability to defend own rights is more significant than the performance of duties. The authors of the present research draw a generalised conclusion that university students’ perceptions of law and justice are inconsistent and contradictory.Practical significance. The research results can be used by teachers and psychologists of higher educational institutions, as well as by various experts to develop the programmes for formation of youth legal awareness

Analysis of Proteins and Peptides of Highly Purified CD9⁺ and CD63⁺ Horse Milk Exosomes Isolated by Affinity Chromatography

Exosomes are nanovesicles with a 40–150 nm diameter and are essential for communication between cells. Literature data suggest that exosomes obtained from different sources (cell cultures, blood plasma, urea, saliva, tears, spinal fluid, milk) using a series of centrifugations and ultracentrifugations contain hundreds and thousands of different protein and nucleic acid molecules. However, most of these proteins are not an intrinsic part of exosomes; instead, they co-isolate with exosomes. Using consecutive ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography on anti-CD9- and anti-CD63-Sepharoses, we isolated highly purified vesicle preparations from 18 horse milk samples. Gel filtration of the initial preparations allowed us to remove co-isolating proteins and their complexes and to obtain highly purified vesicles morphologically corresponding to exosomes. Using affinity chromatography on anti-CD9- and anti-CD63-Sepharoses, we obtained extra-purified CD9+ and CD63+ exosomes, which simultaneously contain these two tetraspanins, while the CD81 tetraspanin was presented in a minor quantity. SDS-PAGE and MALDI analysis detected several major proteins with molecular masses over 10 kDa: CD9, CD63, CD81, lactadherin, actin, butyrophilin, lactoferrin, and xanthine dehydrogenase. Analysis of extracts by trifluoroacetic acid revealed dozens of peptides with molecular masses in the range of 0.8 to 8.5 kDa. Data on the uneven distribution of tetraspanins on the surface of horse milk exosomes and the presence of peptides open new questions about the biogenesis of these extracellular vesicles

Extra Purified Exosomes from Human Placenta Contain An Unpredictable Small Number of Different Major Proteins

Exosomes are nanovesicles (30&#8211;100 nm) containing various RNAs and different proteins. Exosomes are important in intracellular communication, immune function, etc. Exosomes from different sources including placenta were mainly obtained by different types of centrifugation and ultracentrifugations and were reported to contain from a few dozen to thousands of different proteins. First crude exosome preparations from four placentas (normal pregnancy) were obtained here using several standard centrifugations but then were additionally purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. Individual preparations demonstrated different gel filtration profiles showing good or bad separation of exosome peaks from two peaks of impurity proteins and their complexes. According to electron microscopy, exosomes before gel filtration contain vesicles of different size, ring-shaped structures forming by ferritin and clusters of aggregated proteins and their complexes. After filtration through 220 nm filters and gel filtration exosomes display typically for exosome morphology and size (30&#8211;100 nm) and do not contain visible protein admixtures. Identification of exosome proteins was carried out by MS and MS/MS MALDI mass spectrometry of proteins&#8217; tryptic hydrolyzates after their SDS-PAGE and 2D electrophoresis. We have obtained unexpected results. Good, purified exosomes contained only 11&#8211;13 different proteins: CD9, CD81, CD-63, hemoglobin subunits, interleukin-1 receptor, annexin A1, annexin A2, annexin A5, cytoplasmic actin, alkaline phosphatase, serotransferin, and probably human serum albumin and immunoglobulins. We assume that a possible number of exosome proteins found previously using crude preparations may be very much overestimated. Our data may be important for study of biological functions of pure exosomes