A general paradigm to model reaction-based biogeochemical processes in batch systems

[1] This paper presents the development and illustration of a numerical model of reaction-based geochemical and biochemical processes with mixed equilibrium and kinetic reactions. The objective is to provide a general paradigm for modeling reactive chemicals in batch systems, with expectations that it is applicable to reactive chemical transport problems. The unique aspects of the paradigm are to simultaneously (1) facilitate the segregation (isolation) of linearly independent kinetic reactions and thus enable the formulation and parameterization of individual rates one reaction by one reaction when linearly dependent kinetic reactions are absent, (2) enable the inclusion of virtually any type of equilibrium expressions and kinetic rates users want to specify, (3) reduce problem stiffness by eliminating all fast reactions from the set of ordinary differential equations governing the evolution of kinetic variables, (4) perform systematic operations to remove redundant fast reactions and irrelevant kinetic reactions, (5) systematically define chemical components and explicitly enforce mass conservation, (6) accomplish automation in decoupling fast reactions from slow reactions, and (7) increase the robustness of numerical integration of the governing equations with species switching schemes. None of the existing models to our knowledge has included these scopes simultaneously. This model (BIOGEOCHEM) is a general computer code to simulate biogeochemical processes in batch systems from a reaction-based mechanistic standpoint, and is designed to be easily coupled with transport models. To make the model applicable to a wide range of problems, programmed reaction types include aqueous complexation, adsorption-desorption, ion-exchange, oxidation-reduction, precipitation-dissolution, acid-base reactions, and microbial mediated reactions. In addition, user-specified reaction types can be programmed into the model. Any reaction can be treated as fast/equilibrium or slow/kinetic reaction. An equilibrium reaction is modeled with an infinite rate governed by a mass action equilibrium equation or by a user-specified algebraic equation. Programmed kinetic reaction rates include multiple Monod kinetics, nth order empirical, and elementary formulations. In addition, user-specified rate formulations can be programmed into the model. No existing models to our knowledge offer these simultaneous features. Furthermore, most available reaction-based models assume chemical components a priori so that reactions can be written in basic (canonical) forms and implicitly assume that fast equilibrium reactions occur only for homogeneous reactions. The decoupling of fast reactions from slow reactions lessens the stiffness typical of these systems. The explicit enforcement of mass conservation overcomes the mass conservation error due to numerical integration errors. The removal of redundant fast reactions alleviates the problem of singularity. The exclusion of irrelevant slow reactions eliminates the issue of exporting their problematic rate formulations/parameter estimations to different environment conditions. Taking the advantage of the nonuniqueness of components, a dynamic basis-species switching strategy is employed to make the model numerically robust. Backward basis switching allows components to freely change in the simulation of the chemistry module, while being recovered for transport simulation. Three example problems were selected to demonstrate the versatility and robustness of the model

Genetic diversity and population structure of the Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus, Rodentia, Caviidae) in Colombia

The aim was to establish the genetic diversity and population structure of three guinea pig lines, from seven production zones located in Nariño, southwest Colombia. A total of 384 individuals were genotyped with six microsatellite markers. The measurement of intrapopulation diversity revealed allelic richness ranging from 3.0 to 6.56, and observed heterozygosity (Ho) from 0.33 to 0.60, with a deficit in heterozygous individuals. Although statistically significant (p < 0.05), genetic differentiation between population pairs was found to be low. Genetic distance, as well as clustering of guinea-pig lines and populations, coincided with the historical and geographical distribution of the populations. Likewise, high genetic identity between improved and native lines was established. An analysis of group probabilistic assignment revealed that each line should not be considered as a genetically homogeneous group. The findings corroborate the absorption of native genetic material into the improved line introduced into Colombia from Peru. It is necessary to establish conservation programs for native-line individuals in Nariño, and control genealogical and production records in order to reduce the inbreeding values in the populations

Analysis of the current situation and the offer of services of collective investment funds in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area, as a basis for making investment decisions in this market

El proyecto tiene como propósito realizar una investigación proyectiva a través de un proceso sistemático de indagación, análisis, comparación y explicación de las diferentes alternativas de inversión en FICs colombianos ofrecidos por los Bancos que permita identificar las condiciones actuales, tendencias y necesidades de los residentes en Bucaramanga para este tipo de fondos, entregando herramientas para la construcción de un modelo de inversión que en efecto pueda predecir circunstancias, probabilidades y limitaciones para este mercado.CAPITULO I. ............................................................................................................................... 15 1. PROBLEMA ......................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Antecedentes del problema ........................................................................................... 15 1.2 Preguntas de Investigación ........................................................................................... 21 1.3 Objetivo General ........................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1 Objetivos Específicos.............................................................................................. 22 1.4 Justificación .................................................................................................................. 22 1.5 Hipótesis o supuestos .................................................................................................... 23 1.5.1 Limitaciones y delimitaciones ................................................................................ 23 CAPITULO II ............................................................................................................................... 24 2. MARCO REFERENCIAL ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1 Marco teórico ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 La Historia de los Fondos de Inversión ....................................................................... 24 2.1.1.1 Antecedentes investigativos. ................................................................................. 25 2.1.2 Fondos de inversión ..................................................................................................... 26 2.1.3 Fondos de inversión colectiva ...................................................................................... 26 2.1.3.1 Estructura y Funcionamiento de los fondos de inversión colectiva ...................... 26 2.1.3.2 Comportamiento de los Fondos de Inversion Colectiva en Colombia. ........... 29 2.1.3.3 Fortalezas de los fondos de inversión colectiva. ................................................... 31 2.1.3.4 Debilidades de los fondos de inversión colectiva. ................................................ 31 2.1.4 Premisas en las que se basa el Capital Assets Pricing Model ó Modelo de Valoración de Activos Financieros .............................................................................................................. 31 2.2 Marco legal ................................................................................................................... 32 2.3 Marco Conceptual ......................................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 Acción .......................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.2 Activo Financiero......................................................................................................... 36 2.3.3 Bolsa de valores ........................................................................................................... 36 2.3.4 Fondos de Inversión Colectivo (FICs) ......................................................................... 36 2.3.5 Fondos de Capital Privado ........................................................................................... 36 2.3.6 Interés ........................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.7 Mercado Primario ........................................................................................................ 37 2.3.8 Mercado Secundario .................................................................................................... 37 2.3.9 Riesgo .......................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.10 Riesgo de Contraparte ................................................................................................ 37 2.3.11 Riesgo de Liquidez .................................................................................................... 37 2.3.12 Riesgo de Mercado (Market Risk) ............................................................................. 37 2.3.13 Riesgo de Solvencia ................................................................................................... 37 2.3.14 Riesgo de Tasa de Cambio ......................................................................................... 37 2.3.15 Riesgo de Tasa de Interés .......................................................................................... 37 2.3.16 Sociedad Fiduciaria .................................................................................................... 38 2.3.17 SFC: Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia. ...................................................... 38 CAPITULO III .............................................................................................................................. 38 3. METODOLOGÍA ..................................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Diseño Metodologico .......................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Análisis de datos ................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.1 Análisis legal de los Fondos de Inversión Colectiva FIC ............................................ 42 3.2.2 Análisis de las fichas técnicas de los FIC .................................................................... 43 3.2.3. Características de los Fondos de Inversión Colectiva................................................. 58 3.2.3.1 Definición. .......................................................................................................... 58 3.2.3.2 Tipos de Activos en los que invierten los FIC. ..................................................... 58 3.2.3.2.1 Financieros. ................................................................................................. 58 3.2.3.2.2 No Financieros. ........................................................................................... 59 3.2.3.3 Tipos de Fondos de Inversión Colectiva ............................................................. 59 3.2.3.4 Quienes administran los Fondos de Inversión Colectiva. ................................... 59 3.2.3.4.1 Sociedades Fiduciarias. .................................................................................. 59 3.2.3.4.2 Sociedades Comisionistas de Bolsa de Valores. ............................................ 59 3.2.3.4.3 Sociedades Administradoras de Inversión. .................................................... 60 3.2.3.5 Desde que monto se puede invertir en los FIC ................................................... 60 3.2.3.6 Administración de los recursos de los FIC. ........................................................ 60 3.2.3.7 Tasas de rentabilidad........................................................................................... 60 3.2.3.8 Otras variables para tener en cuenta al invertir en FIC ......................................... 61 3.2.3.8.1 Objetivo de la inversión. ................................................................................ 61 3.2.3.8.2 Riesgo dispuesto a asumir. .......................................................................... 61 CAPITULO IV.............................................................................................................................. 63 4. RESULTADOS......................................................................................................................... 63 4.1 Matriz de análisis de portafolios de los FIC ....................................................................... 63 4.2 Modelo CAPM aplicado a los Fondos de Inversión Colectiva ........................................... 78 4.2.1 El Modelo CAPM ........................................................................................................ 80 4.2.1.1 Fondos seleccionados para el análisis. ............................................................ 84 4.2.1.2 Cálculo del Beta para cada uno de los fondos. ................................................ 85 4.3 Afectación del mercado financiero por causa de la pandemia del COVID-19 ................... 96 CAPITULO V ............................................................................................................................... 98 5. CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................................... 98 Referencias .................................................................................................................................. 100 ANEXOS .................................................................................................................................... 105MaestríaThe purpose of the project is to carry out a projective investigation through a systematic process of inquiry, analysis, comparison and explanation of the different investment alternatives in Colombian FICs offered by the Banks that allows identifying the current conditions, trends and needs of residents in Bucaramanga for this type of funds, providing tools for the construction of an investment model that can actually predict circumstances, probabilities and limitations for this market.Modalidad Presencia

Caracterización social, económica y ambiental del convenio 013 de 2011. red de agricultura urbana de la localidad de Usaquén, a fin de identificar el impacto generado entre la comunidad

Desde la percepción agroecológica y la aplicación de conocimientos locales, se da paso al desarrollo de tecnologías limpias que permiten la interacción sana entre el hombre y los ecosistemas, por medio de la creación de ideas productivas empresariales, para el mejoramiento del entorno social. Por tal motivo la evaluación de los factores sociales, económicos y ambientales del Convenio 013 de 2011 me permitieron como profesional ser un facilitador, promotor, e investigador de proyectos de desarrollo rural, seguridad alimentaria y agricultura sustentable

Caracterización social, económica y ambiental del convenio 013 de 2011. red de agricultura urbana de la localidad de Usaquén, a fin de identificar el impacto generado entre la comunidad

Desde la percepción agroecológica y la aplicación de conocimientos locales, se da paso al desarrollo de tecnologías limpias que permiten la interacción sana entre el hombre y los ecosistemas, por medio de la creación de ideas productivas empresariales, para el mejoramiento del entorno social. Por tal motivo la evaluación de los factores sociales, económicos y ambientales del Convenio 013 de 2011 me permitieron como profesional ser un facilitador, promotor, e investigador de proyectos de desarrollo rural, seguridad alimentaria y agricultura sustentable

Contribución de los datos genómicos en la definición de la composición racial de bovinos doble propósito

Animal heterosis is key in obtaining more productive animals and better adapted to the tropics. However, inadequate genetic management leads to the obtaining of mosaics of breeds that includes the loss of the productive potential of the herd. The objective of this study was to define the breed composition of dual-purpose crossbred cattle in the piedmont plains, department of Meta-Colombia. A total of 126 crossbred (CRO) individuals from six herds were evaluated by a phenotypic (APP) and a genotypic (GBA) approach. For GBA, the control breeds associated with Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus were included, for this they were genotyped with a GeneSeek GGP-LD chip of 26K of SNP and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and Bayesian probabilistic assignment of ADMIXTURE. The breed groups generated by APP varied with respect to GBA. Molecular analysis detected seven (k=7) genetic groups in the breed composition of the study animals. The three breeds with the highest participation in the breed composition of crossbred individuals were: Holstein, Gyr, Brahman with 23.4, 21.4, and 21 % respectively, while the remaining, Blanco Orejinegro, Brown Swiss, Normande and Jersey did not exceed 13 %. Unlike APP, the GBA approach effectively allowed the identification of the breed composition of crossbred cattle and provided key information for the development of mating programs that seek to improve productive indicators, and in turn tend to the adaptation of animals, an essential requirement for dual-purpose bovine systems.La heterosis animal es clave en la obtención de animales más productivos y mejor adaptados al trópico. Sin embargo, el inadecuado manejo genético conlleva a la obtención de mosaicos de razas que incluye la pérdida del potencial productivo del hato. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir la composición racial de bovinos mestizos doble propósito en el piedemonte Llanero departamento del Meta-Colombia. Un total de 126 individuos mestizos (MEZ) de seis hatos fueron evaluados por una aproximación fenotípica (APF) y una genotípica (ARG). Para ARG se incluyeron las razas control asociadas a Bos taurus taurus y Bos taurus indicus, para ello se genotiparon con un chip de GeneSeek GGP-LD de 26K de SNP y se analizaron mediante análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y asignación probabilística bayesiana de ADMIXTURE. Las agrupaciones raciales generadas por APF variaron respecto de ARG. El análisis molecular detectó siete (k= 7) grupos genéticos en la composición racial de los animales de estudio. Las tres razas con mayor participación en la composición racial de los individuos mestizos fueron: Holstein, Gyr, Brahman con 23.4, 21.4, y 21 % respectivamente, mientras que las restantes Blanco Orejinegro, Pardo Suizo, Normando y Jersey no superaron el 13 %.  A diferencia de APF, la aproximación ARG permitió de forma efectiva la identificación de la composición racial de bovinos mestizos y suministró información clave en miras de desarrollo de programas de apareamiento que buscan mejorar indicadores productivos, y a su vez propendan por la adaptación de los animales requisito indispensable para los sistemas bovino doble propósito