Arte de destilar aguardientes y licores : obra extractada de los mejores autores que han escrito sobre esta matería...

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2009-201

Global, Diffuse, Direct, and Ultraviolet Solar Irradiance Recorded in Malta and Atmospheric Component Influences

AbstractGlobal and diffuse shortwave (SW) and global erythemal (UVER) irradiances were measured in Malta, in the middle of Mediterranean Sea. The effect of solar zenith angle on these irradiances is studied using the measurements and simulations developed with a radiative transfer model. The role of ozone, scattering by gases, and aerosols is analyzed. Results show that ozone and Rayleigh scattering are the main drivers responsible for the behavior of UVER variations with SZA. In the case of global and diffuse irradiance, the role of aerosols is the principal determinant

Dificultades que ofrece la España para constituirla ordenada y uniformemente

Píe de imprenta tomado del colofó

El jueves 29 de mayo se presentó a S.A.R. el Serenisimo Señor Duque de Angulema una diputacion de la grandeza de España, compuesta de los excelentísimos Señores duque de San Fernando, conde de la puebla del Maestre y duques de Villahermosa y de Medinaceli, en representacion de toda la clase ; y el primero dirigió a S.A.R. el discurso siguiente ...

Datos tomados de principio de texto (p. 1

Drought impacts on tree growth of two pine species along an altitudinal gradient and their use as early-warning signals of potential shifts in tree species distributions.

Mediterranean pine forests are at risk of experiencing a decline in tree growth in response to climatewarming if rising temperatures amplify drought stress. In mountain areas, tree growth could be enhancedin temperature-limited high elevations, whilst it might decline at water-constrained low elevations.Species differential responses could, however, modulate the impact of drought on forests along altitudinalgradients. To test for evidence of species differential drought impacts along an altitudinal gradient, westudied the growth responses of two Iberian pine species (Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra) subjected toMediterranean conditions in Eastern Spain. We analysed the stability of growth (basal area increment)responses to climate and drought during the 1950&-2014 period by using resistance and resilience indices.Pinus sylvestris growth was enhanced by warm spring temperatures, while Pinus nigra growth wasimproved by a positive spring water balance. Pinus sylvestris growth decreased temporally at the lowerend of its altitudinal range, whereas Pinus nigra growth decreased at the upper end. Pinus sylvestris exhibitedlow growth stability at its low-elevation limit. Pinus nigra resistance also decreased along its altitudinalrange, but this effect was compensated by a high resilience. In mixed stands the results werecontrasting, with Pinus sylvestris (at the lower altitudinal range) being more vulnerable to droughtinducedgrowth decline than Pinus nigra (at the upper altitudinal range).Ministerio de Economía y Competitivida

Curso de Economía Política

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2009-201

Muecas: a multi-sensor robotic head for affective human robot interaction and imitation

Este artículo presenta una cabeza robótica humanoide multi-sensor para la interacción del robot humano. El diseño de la cabeza robótica, Muecas, se basa en la investigación en curso sobre los mecanismos de percepción e imitación de las expresiones y emociones humanas. Estos mecanismos permiten la interacción directa entre el robot y su compañero humano a través de las diferentes modalidades del lenguaje natural: habla, lenguaje corporal y expresiones faciales. La cabeza robótica tiene 12 grados de libertad, en una configuración de tipo humano, incluyendo ojos, cejas, boca y cuello, y ha sido diseñada y construida totalmente por IADeX (Ingeniería, Automatización y Diseño de Extremadura) y RoboLab. Se proporciona una descripción detallada de su cinemática junto con el diseño de los controladores más complejos. Muecas puede ser controlado directamente por FACS (Sistema de Codificación de Acción Facial), el estándar de facto para reconocimiento y síntesis de expresión facial. Esta característica facilita su uso por parte de plataformas de terceros y fomenta el desarrollo de la imitación y de los sistemas basados en objetivos. Los sistemas de imitación aprenden del usuario, mientras que los basados en objetivos utilizan técnicas de planificación para conducir al usuario hacia un estado final deseado. Para mostrar la flexibilidad y fiabilidad de la cabeza robótica, se presenta una arquitectura de software capaz de detectar, reconocer, clasificar y generar expresiones faciales en tiempo real utilizando FACS. Este sistema se ha implementado utilizando la estructura robótica, RoboComp, que proporciona acceso independiente al hardware a los sensores en la cabeza. Finalmente, se presentan resultados experimentales que muestran el funcionamiento en tiempo real de todo el sistema, incluyendo el reconocimiento y la imitación de las expresiones faciales humanas.This paper presents a multi-sensor humanoid robotic head for human robot interaction. The design of the robotic head, Muecas, is based on ongoing research on the mechanisms of perception and imitation of human expressions and emotions. These mechanisms allow direct interaction between the robot and its human companion through the different natural language modalities: speech, body language and facial expressions. The robotic head has 12 degrees of freedom, in a human-like configuration, including eyes, eyebrows, mouth and neck, and has been designed and built entirely by IADeX (Engineering, Automation and Design of Extremadura) and RoboLab. A detailed description of its kinematics is provided along with the design of the most complex controllers. Muecas can be directly controlled by FACS (Facial Action Coding System), the de facto standard for facial expression recognition and synthesis. This feature facilitates its use by third party platforms and encourages the development of imitation and of goal-based systems. Imitation systems learn from the user, while goal-based ones use planning techniques to drive the user towards a final desired state. To show the flexibility and reliability of the robotic head, the paper presents a software architecture that is able to detect, recognize, classify and generate facial expressions in real time using FACS. This system has been implemented using the robotics framework, RoboComp, which provides hardware-independent access to the sensors in the head. Finally, the paper presents experimental results showing the real-time functioning of the whole system, including recognition and imitation of human facial expressions.Trabajo financiado por: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Proyecto TIN2012-38079-C03-1 Gobierno de Extremadura. Proyecto GR10144peerReviewe

Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures on Dental Care for Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years: A Cross-Sectional Estimate in a Less-Developed Country Setting

Aim: The objective of this study was to estimate the Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs) incurred by households on dental care, as well as to analyze the sociodemographic, economic, and oral health factors associated with such expenditures. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 763 schoolchildren in Mexico. A questionnaire was distributed to parents to determine the variables related to OOPEs on dental care. The amounts were updated in 2017 in Mexican pesos and later converted to 2017 international dollars (purchasing power parities-PPP US $). Multivariate models were created: a linear regression model (which modeled the amount of OOPEs), and a logistic regression model (which modeled the likelihood of incurring OOPEs). Results: The OOPEs on dental care for the 763 schoolchildren were PPP US$53,578, averaging a PPP of US $70.2 ± 123.7 per child. Disbursements for treatment were the principal item within the OOPEs. The factors associated with OOPEs were the child's age, number of dental visits, previous dental pain, main reason for dental visit, educational level of mother, type of health insurance, household car ownership, and socioeconomic position. Conclusions: The average cost of dental care was PPP US$70.2 ± 123.7. Our study shows that households with higher school-aged children exhibiting the highest report of dental morbidity-as well as those without insurance-face the highest OOPEs. An array of variables were associated with higher expenditures. In general, higher-income households spent more on dental care. However, the present study did not estimate unmet needs across the socioeconomic gradient, and thus, future research is needed to fully ascertain disease burden