A relational account of the emergence of New Hollywood

This dissertation studies the social and symbolic networks that underlie the emergence of cultural forms using the case of New Hollywood—one of global cinema's most influential movements. Using a unique data set on film collaborations and cinematic references of more than 17,000 filmmakers retrieved from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), I examine how New Hollywood filmmakers established an artistic vision of filmmaking and transformed one of the largest film industries in the world. This vision defined the individual filmmaker—the auteur—as the unique creator of films and challenged Hollywood's dominant collective and commercial notion at that time. Sociologists often emphasize the importance of collaborative ties that facilitate community cohesion. New Hollywood filmmakers, however, shared the vision of auteurism that emphasizes the individual rather than the collective as the driving force behind filmmaking. This dissertation examines how filmmakers resolved this tension between group cohesion and individualistic ideals. I analyze the long-term changes in filmmakers' collaboration and reference networks, where ties stem from participation in joint film projects, respectively, cinematic references to revered films. Blending research on the interplay between culture and networks and institution-focused accounts of art world emergence, I provide a relational account of Hollywood's artistic transformation

Identity from symbolic networks: the rise of New Hollywood

To what extent may individual autonomy persist under the constraints of group identity? This dualism is particularly salient in new movements that value individual creativity above all, and yet have to muster community cohesion to establish a new style. Using the case of New Hollywood in the 1960s and 1970s, the authors show how this movement reconciled the demands of collective identity and collaboration in film production with their commitment to the individual filmmaker’s artistic autonomy. Using information from the Internet Movie Database on 17,425 filmmakers who were active between 1930 and 1999, the authors show that a cohesive symbolic network, in which New Hollywood filmmakers shared references to a canon of revered films, served as a foundation for the collective identity of this new artistic movement. References include allusions to iconic scenes, settings, and shots of classic films. In contrast, collaborations in film projects yielded a fragmented network that did little to support the creative enterprise of New Hollywood. The evidence suggests that symbolic ties through shared citations allowed New Hollywood filmmakers to realize their vision of autonomous auteur filmmaking and to draw symbolic boundaries that separated them from the old Hollywood studio system

Analyse stummer Dialoge von Schülerinnen und Schülern der gymnasialen Oberstufe zum Trägheitsgesetz

Große Vergleichsstudien wie PISA oder TIMMS bedienen sich des Multiple-Choice-Verfahrens, um den teilnehmenden Probanden die zur Auswahl stehenden Antwortmöglichkeiten darzubieten. Welche Vorstellungen aber liegen der vor Abgabe einer Antwort notwendigerweise zu treffenden Entscheidung zugrunde? Im Rahmen einer Examensarbeit wird dieser Fragestellung anhand der Analyse stummer Dialoge von Lernenden der elften Jahrgangsstufe zur bekannten PISA-Aufgabe „Der Busfahrer Rolf“ nachgegangen.Die zweistufige Instruktion der explorativen Studie umfasst ein Statement und einen nachfolgen­den stummen Dialog der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Die Ergebnisse zeigen aufgaben­spezifische, individuell höchst unterschiedliche Schülervorstellungen zur Trägheit. Darüber hin­aus verdeutlichen sie den Mehrwert einer zweistufigen Instruktion des stummen Dialogs nicht nur als Teil des Testinstruments, sondern ausblickend auch für Unterricht

Analyse stummer Dialoge von Schülerinnen und Schülern der gymnasialen Oberstufe zum Trägheitsgesetz

Große Vergleichsstudien wie PISA oder TIMMS bedienen sich des Multiple-Choice-Verfahrens, um den teilnehmenden Probanden die zur Auswahl stehenden Antwortmöglichkeiten darzubieten. Welche Vorstellungen aber liegen der vor Abgabe einer Antwort notwendigerweise zu treffenden Entscheidung zugrunde? Im Rahmen einer Examensarbeit wird dieser Fragestellung anhand der Analyse stummer Dialoge von Lernenden der elften Jahrgangsstufe zur bekannten PISA-Aufgabe „Der Busfahrer Rolf“ nachgegangen.Die zweistufige Instruktion der explorativen Studie umfasst ein Statement und einen nachfolgen­den stummen Dialog der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Die Ergebnisse zeigen aufgaben­spezifische, individuell höchst unterschiedliche Schülervorstellungen zur Trägheit. Darüber hin­aus verdeutlichen sie den Mehrwert einer zweistufigen Instruktion des stummen Dialogs nicht nur als Teil des Testinstruments, sondern ausblickend auch für Unterricht

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients With Malignancy and Takotsubo Syndrome: Observations From the International Takotsubo Registry

BackgroundClinical characteristics and outcomes of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) patients with malignancy have not been fully elucidated. This study sought to explore differences in clinical characteristics and to investigate short‐ and long‐term outcomes in TTS patients with or without malignancy.Methods and ResultsTTS patients were enrolled from the International Takotsubo Registry. The TTS cohort was divided into patients with and without malignancy to investigate differences in clinical characteristics and to assess short‐ and long‐term mortality. A subanalysis was performed comparing long‐term mortality between a subset of TTS patients with or without malignancy and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with or without malignancy. Malignancy was observed in 16.6% of 1604 TTS patients. Patients with malignancy were older and more likely to have physical triggers, but less likely to have emotional triggers compared with those without malignancy. Long‐term mortality was higher in patients with malignancy (PP=0.17). In a subanalysis, long‐term mortality was comparable between TTS patients with malignancies and ACS patients with malignancies (P=0.13). Malignancy emerged as an independent predictor of long‐term mortality.ConclusionsA substantial number of TTS patients show an association with malignancy. History of malignancy might increase the risk for TTS, and therefore, appropriate screening for malignancy should be considered in these patients.</p

The Crowdsourced Replication Initiative: Investigating Immigration and Social Policy Preferences. Executive Report.

In an era of mass migration, social scientists, populist parties and social movements raise concerns over the future of immigration-destination societies. What impacts does this have on policy and social solidarity? Comparative cross-national research, relying mostly on secondary data, has findings in different directions. There is a threat of selective model reporting and lack of replicability. The heterogeneity of countries obscures attempts to clearly define data-generating models. P-hacking and HARKing lurk among standard research practices in this area.This project employs crowdsourcing to address these issues. It draws on replication, deliberation, meta-analysis and harnessing the power of many minds at once. The Crowdsourced Replication Initiative carries two main goals, (a) to better investigate the linkage between immigration and social policy preferences across countries, and (b) to develop crowdsourcing as a social science method. The Executive Report provides short reviews of the area of social policy preferences and immigration, and the methods and impetus behind crowdsourcing plus a description of the entire project. Three main areas of findings will appear in three papers, that are registered as PAPs or in process

Communities of Style: Artistic Transformation and Social Cohesion in Hollywood, 1930 to 1999

How do social and stylistic relations in cultural fields coevolve under changing contextual conditions? Artistic communities cohere through collaborations and shared stylistic orientations among artists, but little is known about the structure and interplay of these relational processes. The authors contribute to previous studies by conducting a large-scale investigation of social and stylistic networks among Hollywood filmmakers. In particular, the authors examine how the interplay between artists’ collaborations and shared references changed throughout Hollywood’s history. Using data from the Internet Movie Database and applying relational hyperevent models, the authors analyze the coevolution of collaboration and reference networks among 15,553 Hollywood film professionals who participated in 6,800 films between 1930 and 1999. The authors complement prior sociological efforts through a longitudinal perspective on the structure of social and stylistic networks across three meaningful historical periods: before, during, and after Hollywood’s artistic transformation in the 1960s. The findings show that filmmakers are more likely to collaborate if they previously used the same references, but they are less likely to adopt the references of their previous collaborators. In addition, the results highlight that the structure of relational processes in cultural fields varies over time as the contextual conditions for tie formation change

Looking at Creative ML Blindspots with a Sociological Lens

How can researchers from the creative ML/AI community and sociology of culture engage in fruitful collaboration? How do researchers from both fields think (differently) about creativity and the production of creative work? While the ML community considers creativity as a matter of technical expertise and acumen, social scientists have emphasized the role of embeddedness in cultural production. This perspective aims to bridge both disciplines and proposes a conceptual and methodological toolkit for collaboration. We provide a systematic review of recent research in both fields and offer three perspectives around which to structure interdisciplinary research on cultural production: people, processes, and products. We thereby provide necessary grounding work to support multidisciplinary researchers to navigate conceptual and methodological hurdles in their collaboration. Our research will be of interest to ML researchers and sociologists interested in creativity that aim to conduct innovative research by bridging both fields