The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10

It has been proven that vehicle emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are negatively affecting the health of human beings as well as the environment. In addition, it was recently highlighted that air pollution may result in people being more vulnerable to the deadly COVID-19 virus. The use of biofuels such as E5 and E10 as alternatives of gasoline fuel have been recommended by different researchers. In this paper, the impacts of port injection of water to a spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline, E5 and E10 on its performance and NOx production have been investigated. The experimental work was undertaken using a KIA Cerato engine and the results were used to validate an AVL BOOST model. To develop the numerical analysis, design of experiment (DOE) method was employed. The results showed that by increasing the ethanol fraction in gasoline/ethanol blend, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved between 2.3% and 4.5%. However, the level of NOx increased between 22% to 48%. With port injection of water up to 8%, there was up to 1% increase in engine power whereas NOx and BSFC were reduced by 8% and 1%, respectively. The impacts of simultaneous changing of the start of combustion (SOC) and water injection rate on engine power and NOx production was also investigated. It was found that the NOx concentration is very sensitive to SOC variation

Ternary Cobalt ferrite (CoFeO4) -Silver (Ag) -Titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid nanofluid hydromagnetic non-linear radiative-convective flow from a rotating disk with viscous dissipation, non-Darcy and non-Fourier effects: Swirl coating simulation

Ternary Cobalt ferrite (CoFeO4)-Silver (Ag)-Titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid nanofluid hydromagnetic non-linear radiative-convective flow from a rotating disk with viscous dissipation, non-Darcy and non-Fourier effects: Swirl coating simulation ABSTRACT Magnetic nanoparticles are increasingly being deployed in smart coating systems due to their exceptional functionalities and abilities to be tuned for specific environmental conditions. Inspired by the emergence of tri-hybrid magnetic nanofluids which utilize three distinct nanoparticles in a single base fluid coating, the present article examines analytically and computationally the swirl coating of magnetic ternary hybrid nanofluid from a rotating disk, as a simulation of spin coating deposition processes in materials manufacturing. Owing to high temperature fabrication conditions, thermal radiative heat transfer is also considered and a Rossleand flux model deployed. í µí° ¶í µí±í µí°¹í µí±í µí± 2-í µí°´í µí±-í µí±í µí±í µí± 2 hybrid nanoparticles are considered with Ethylene Glycol-Water (í µí° ¶ 2 í µí°» 6 í µí± 2 − í µí°» 2 í µí± 40: 60%) base fluid. A filtration medium is also featured (porous medium) adjacent to the disk and the Darcy-Forchheimer model is deployed to simulate both bulk matrix porous drag encountered at lower Reynolds numbers and inertial quadratic drag generated at higher Reynolds numbers. Thermal relaxation of the coating nanofluid is additionally addressed and a non-Fourier Cattaneo-Christov model is therefore implemented in the heat conservation equation. Viscous dissipation is also included in the model. The governing conservation equations for mass, momenta (radial, tangential and axial) and energy with prescribed boundary conditions are rendered into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential boundary layer equations via suitable scaling variables and the Von Karman transformations. The derived reduced boundary value problem is then solved with a Runge-Kutta numerical scheme and shooting scheme in 2 MATLAB. Validation of solutions is included with previous studies. Radial and azimuthal velocities, temperature, radial skin-friction, azimuthal skin friction and local Nusselt number are computed for a range of selected parameters. A comparative assessment of mono nanofluid í µí° ¶í µí±í µí°¹í µí±í µí± 2 , Hybrid í µí° ¶í µí±í µí°¹í µí±í µí± 2-í µí°´í µí± nanofluid and tri-hybrid í µí° ¶í µí±í µí°¹í µí±í µí± 2-í µí°´í µí±-í µí±í µí±í µí± 2 nanofluid is conducted. This combination of hybrid nanoparticles has never been examined previously in the literature and constitutes the significant novelty of the present work. Both radial and tangential velocity are depleted with increasing applied magnetic field whereas temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are increased.Forchheimer model; ternary hybrid (í µí° ¶í µí±í µí°¹í µí±í µí± 2 − í µí°´í µí± − í µí±í µí±í µí± 2) nanofluid; MHD; rotating disk; spin coating; functional materials

Learning to coexist with wildfire

The impacts of escalating wildfire in many regions - the lives and homes lost, the expense of suppression and the damage to ecosystem services - necessitate a more sustainable coexistence with wildfire. Climate change and continued development on fire-prone landscapes will only compound current problems. Emerging strategies for managing ecosystems and mitigating risks to human communities provide some hope, although greater recognition of their inherent variation and links is crucial. Without a more integrated framework, fire will never operate as a natural ecosystem process, and the impact on society will continue to grow. A more coordinated approach to risk management and land-use planning in these coupled systems is needed