Assessment of Alternative Fuels from the Aspect of Shipboard Safety

Global regulations about shipboard emissions become stricter day by day. There are various ways to reduce shipboard emissions, and using alternative fuels on main engine and auxiliary engines is one of these ways. The alternative fuels can have different physicochemical properties than conventional fuels, which needs special procedures and safety precautions while using onboard. Safety is important term for sustainable shipping. This study aimed to determine the safety ranking of the trend alternative fuels and possible ones in the future. A safety evaluation method was formed to assess fourteen alternative fuels by considering handling, storage and crew health. Flashpoint, auto-ignition, explosion limits, flame speed, density, and exposure limit are criteria for the safety evaluation. Analytic Hierarchy Process was used while finding the weighing of the alternative fuels at these criteria. Scale of relative importance was used to find the pair-wise comparison of the fuels. The criteria weighing were determined by taking expert opinions. Seven experts gave points to the criteria at the asked questionnaire. The questionairre was about; which fuel property is more important at the storage, handling, and operation with the fuels. According to the final safety assessment results, liquefied petroleum gas had the highest weighing of 0,130. Ethanol and ammonia followed it with 0,120 and 0,116, respectively. Liquefied natural gas and methanol, as trend alternative fuels with liquefied natural gas for shipping industry, got 0,084 and 0,053, respectively

Estimating the volleyball team ranking in the 2016 Rio Olympics by artificial neural network and linear model: Yapay sinir ağları ve doğrusal model ile 2016 Rio Olimpiyatlarındaki voleybol takım sıralamasının tahmin edilmesi

This study was conducted to estimate the Olympic ranking of the games played in the qualifying groups by the countries that were qualified for the 2016 Rio Olympics in volleyball branch by analyzing with the developed artificial neural networks (ANN) and linear equation model. In the study, the difficulty level of all games (n=324) that total 22 teams played in the qualifying for the 2016 Rio Olympics in volleyball branch (11 female and 11 male volleyball teams)  and International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) ranking score was evaluated separately. Feedforward network structure having two hidden layers in the modeling with ASS developed for 9 different input variables was preferred in the study. In addition, linear modeling method, which provides an easier calculation than artificial neural networks, was performed by “regress” instruction in MATLAB. In the female group, the percentage mean error value of the models was calculated as 18.86 by ANN model, and as 4.53 by linear model. In male groups, it was calculated as 19,34 by ANN model, and as 0,74 by linear model. According to the modeling results obtained in the study, both female and male volleyball teams’ results were modeled with a higher accuracy by linear model. As a result, team rankings of the volleyball branch in the women's group in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games was estimated with an accuracy over 98% separately by ANN modeling regression results and linear modeling regression results. In men’s volleyball games, it was estimated with an accuracy over 98% by ANN modeling regression results, and with an accuracy over 99% by linear modeling regression results. It can be stated that the difficulty level of the games that countries participating in Olympics in volleyball branch played in the qualifying groups and FIVB ranking scores are among the variables that have a significant effect on determining the Olympic ranking. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet   Bu çalışma 2016 Rio Olimpiyatlarına voleybol branşından katılma hakkı kazanan ülkelerin eleme gruplarındaki maçlarının, geliştirilen yapay sinir ağları (YSA) ve doğrusal eşitlik modeli ile analiz edilerek olimpiyat sıralamasının tahmin edilmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 2016 Rio Olimpiyatlarına voleybol branşından katılan (11 kadın ve 11 erkek voleybol takımı) toplam 22 takımın grup elemelerinde oynadığı tüm maçlar (n=324) zorluk derecesi ve Uluslararası Voleybol Federasyonu (FIVB) sıralama puanı göz önüne alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada dokuz farklı giriş değişkenine göre geliştirilen YSA modeli  ile modellemede iki gizli katmana sahip ileri yayılımlı ağ yapısı tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada YSA’na göre çok daha basit bir hesaplama sağlayan doğrusal modelleme yöntemi de, MATLAB’de bulunan “regress” komutu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kadınlar grubunda; test verilerine bakıldığında modellerin yüzde ortalama hata değeri, YSA modelinde 18.86, doğrusal modelde 4.53 olarak; erkekler grubunda ise YSA modelinde 19.34, doğrusal modelde 0.74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen modelleme sonuçlarına göre; hem kadın hem de erkek voleybol takımlarının sonuçları doğrusal model ile daha yüksek doğrulukla modellenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kadınlar kategorisinde 2016 Rio Olimpiyat Oyunlarında voleybol branşının takım sıralaması, YSA modelleme regresyon sonuçları ve doğrusal modelleme regresyon sonuçları ile ayrı ayrı %98’in üstünde doğrulukla tahmin edilmiştir. Erkek voleybol maçlarında ise YSA modelleme regresyon sonuçları %98’in üstünde, doğrusal modelleme regresyon sonuçları ise %99’un üstünde doğrulukla tahmin edilmiştir. Voleybolda Olimpiyatlara katılan ülkelerin eleme gruplarında oynadıkları maçların zorluk derecesi ve FIVB sıralama puanlarının Olimpiyat sıralamasının belirlenmesine önemli etkisi olan değişkenlerden olduğu söylenebilir

The investigation of using for gasoline atomization of ultrasonic sound generated by piezoelectric ceramic

Fuel atomization is important for internal combustion engine. Therefore in this study ultrasonic atomization method is used as a new atomization method. The ultrasonic sound generation using field and properties, especially by cavitations effect on liquids scanned in literature. Ultrasonic atomization method was compared with the existing experimental injector atomization data. Scaled droplets were occurred as a result of atomization. Image processing method was used for droplet size.As a result experimental findings transformed into image and graphics. Pictures and graphics were interpreted and written to paper

Soil organic matter mineralization under different temperatures and moisture conditions in Kızıldağ Plateau, Turkey

Drought by climate change in East Mediterranean Region will change soil temperature and moisture that lead to alter the cycling of biological elements like carbon and nitrogen. However, there are few studies that show how sensitivity of soil organic matter mineralization to temperature and/or moisture can be modified by changes in these parameters. In order to study how these changes in temperature and moisture affect soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization, a laboratory experiment was carried out in two depths (0-5 and 5-15 cm) of soils of Onobrychis beata and Trifolium speciosum being common annual plants in Turkey that was taken from Kızıldag Plataeu (Adana city). Some soil physical and chemical properties and as well as rate of carbon and nitrogen mineralizations were determined for both depths of soils. These soils were incubated for 42 days under different field capacities (FC 60, 80 and 100%) and temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Cumulative carbon mineralization (Cm), potential mineralizable carbon (C0) and rate of carbon mineralization of all soils were increased with rising temperatures. Rate of carbon mineralization in O. beata soil were lower than T. speciosum soil. NH4-N and NO3-N contents at 42nd day were higher than initial levels of soils and also increased with temperatures and field capacities. In summary, sensitivity of soil organic matter mineralization to temperature was higher at 32°C in upper layer and lower at 24°C in deeper layer of both soils

Servikal disk protezi kısa dönem sonuçları

Servikal spondilozun ve semptomatik radikülopatinin klasik olarak uygulanan tedavisi anterior dekompresyon (AD) ve omurga cisimler arası füzyondur (İF). Anterior dekompresyon (AD) sonrası total disk proteziyle (TDP) servikal artroplasti, anterior servikal füzyona alternatif olarak öne sürülen bir tedavidir. Boyun ağrısı ve radikülopati nedeniyle AD sonrasında 52 TDP uyguladığımız birbirini izleyen 51 hastanın klinik ve radyolojik sonuçlarını geriye dönük olarak değerlendirdik. 34 hasta (28 kadın, 6 erkek) ortalama 25.76 ay izlendi (12-36 ay). Bizim çalışmamızda elde ettiğimiz klinik ve radyolojik başarı dinamik stabilizasyona yönelme kararımızı destekler niteliktedir. Serimizin uzun dönem randomize çalışmaların sonuçları ile desteklenmesi halen gerekliliğini sürdürmektedir.The classical applied therapy for cervical spondylosis and symptomatic radiculopathy is anterior decompression (AD) and interbody fusion (IF). Cervical arthroplasty with total disc prosthesis (TDP) after AD is a treatment suggested as an alternative to anterior cervical fusion. We have retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes of 51 consecutive patients whom we have treated with 52 TDP due to neck pains and radiculopathy. 34 patients (28 female, 6 male) were followed up for an average of 25.76 months (12 “ 36 months). The clinical and radiological success we have achieved in our study support our decision to head towards dynamic stabilization. The necessity of support for our series through the results of long term randomized studies is still valid

Investigation of the effect of using ultrasonic fuel system on exhaust emissions in a spark ignition engine

Buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanılan yakıtın parçalanıp hava ile karıştırılması, yanma ve egzoz emisyonu üzerinde oldukça etkilidir. Motorun farklı çalışma koşullarına uygun ideal hava-yakıt karışım oranını hazırlamak için yakıt sistemleri üzerinde çalışılmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanılan geleneksel yakıt sistemlerine alternatif olarak ultrasonik yakıt sistemi kullanılmıştır. Buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanılan enjektörlü yakıt sisteminde 20-30 µm olan ortalama damlacık çapı, ultrasonik parçalama ile ortalama damlacık çapı 12 µm olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Motor ½ sabit yükte farklı devirlerde ultrasonik, karbüratörlü ve enjeksiyonlu yakıt sistemleri ile çalıştırılıp egzoz emisyonları ölçülmüştür. Üç yakıt sistemi için ölçülen egzoz emisyonlarının maksimum değerleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Ultrasonik yakıt sistemi kullanıldığında, karbüratörlü sisteme göre CO da %99, HC de %60, NOx de %18 azalma, CO2 de % 10 ve artış olduğu, enjektörlü sisteme göre CO da %99, CO2 de %12, HC de %45 azalma, NOx de % 55 artış olduğu görülmüştür. Genel olarak ultrasonik yakıt sisteminin egzoz emisyonları üzerinde olumlu etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir.Fragmentation and mixing of the fuel used in spark ignition engines with air is highly effective on combustion and exhaust emissions. Studies are carried out on fuel systems in order to prepare the ideal air-fuel mixture ratio suitable for different operating conditions of the engine. In this study, ultrasonic fuel system was used as an alternative to the traditional fuel systems used in spark ignition engines. The average droplet diameter of 20-30 µm in the injector fuel system used in spark ignition engines has been realized as 12 µm with ultrasonic fragmentation. The engine was run at ½ constant load at different speeds with ultrasonic, carburetor and injection fuel systems, and exhaust emissions were measured. The maximum values of the measured exhaust emissions for the three fuel systems were examined comparatively. When the ultrasonic fuel system is used, there is a 99% reduction in CO, 60% in HC, 18% in NOx, 10% and an increase in CO2 compared to the carburetor system, 99% reduction in CO, 12% in CO2, and 45% in HC compared to the injector system. It was observed that there was a 55% increase in NOx. In general, it has been determined that the ultrasonic fuel system has a positive effect on exhaust emissions

The Basal Ganglia Is Necessary for Learning Spectral, but Not Temporal, Features of Birdsong

SummaryExecuting a motor skill requires the brain to control which muscles to activate at what times. How these aspects of control—motor implementation and timing—are acquired, and whether the learning processes underlying them differ, is not well understood. To address this, we used a reinforcement learning paradigm to independently manipulate both spectral and temporal features of birdsong, a complex learned motor sequence, while recording and perturbing activity in underlying circuits. Our results uncovered a striking dissociation in how neural circuits underlie learning in the two domains. The basal ganglia was required for modifying spectral, but not temporal, structure. This functional dissociation extended to the descending motor pathway, where recordings from a premotor cortex analog nucleus reflected changes to temporal, but not spectral, structure. Our results reveal a strategy in which the nervous system employs different and largely independent circuits to learn distinct aspects of a motor skill

TARİHİ SİLLE SUBAŞI HAMAMI TAŞIYICI SİSTEM ANALİZİ

TARİHİ SİLLE SUBAŞI HAMAMI TAŞIYICI SİSTEM ANALİZİÖzetBu çalışmada, 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı Dönemi’nde inşa edilen ve Konya İli Selçuklu İlçesi’ne bağlı Sille Ak Mahallesi’nde bulunan tarihi Subaşı Hamamı’nın mevcut durum değerlendirmesi yapılıp, yapının statik ve dinamik yükler altındaki durumu incelenmiştir. Yapının üç boyutlu modeli oluşturulmuş, sonlu elemanlar yöntemine göre lineer analizi yapılmış ve taşıyıcı elemanları üzerinde oluşan gerilmeler ile yerdeğiştirmeler incelenmiştir. Subaşı Hamamı mimari açıdan kesit ve iç tasvir olarak iki sıcaklık, iki ılıklık ve bir su deposundan oluşmaktadır. İki sıcaklık ve iki ılıklık mekanının üzeri tuğladan yapılmış kubbeden, su deposunun üzeri ise beşik tonoz ile örtülmüştür. 19.5x18 metre boyutuna sahip olan hamamın yapılan araştırma, inceleme ve analiz sonucunda, yapının mevcut kesitlerinin büyük olmasından dolayı basınç ve kesme gerilmelerine karşı yeterli dayanımının olduğu; kubbe, beşik tonoz ve kapı köşelerinde bazı çatlakların oluştuğu; modal analiz sonunda mod şekilleri incelendiğinde en fazla zorlanan kısmın beşik tonoz olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarihi Yapı, Yığma Yapı, Taşıyıcı Sistem Analizi, Statik Lineer AnalizSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SILLE SUBASI BATH AbstractIn this study, the present situation of the historical Subasi Bath, which was built in the 19th century Ottoman Period and located in the Sille Ak District of the Selcuklu District of Konya Province, was evaluated and the status of the building under static and dynamic loads was examined. A three-dimensional model of the structure was created using a computer program, a linear analysis was made according to the finite element method, and the stresses and displacements on the carrier elements were examined. Subasi Bath consists of two the hottest rooms, two the tepidity rooms and one water reservoir in terms of architectural cross-section and internal depiction. The hottest and the tepidity rooms spaces are covered with a dome made of brick, while the water tank is covered with a cradle vault. As a result of the research, examination and analysis of the bath, which has a size of 19.5x18 meters, it has sufficient resistance against pressure and shear stresses due to the big cross sections of the building; there are some cracks in the dome, cradle vault and door corners; When the modal analysis was examined, the most critical part was found to be the cradle vault.Keywords: Historical Structure, Masonry Structure, Structural Analysis, Static Analysi

Germinating in Box: An Effective and Practical Method for Grape Seed Germination

Asma ıslahında en önemli engellerden biri, iki üzüm çeşidinin melezlenmesi sonucu elde edilen melezçekirdeklerin çimlenme oranının düşük olmasıdır. Çimlenmeyi etkileyen en önemli faktörler arasında;ortam ve tohum nemi gelir. Ayrıca büyümeyi düzenleyici maddeler (BDM)de, çimlenmeyi olumluetkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, melez üzüm çekirdeklerine BDM uygulamak ve kapalı ortamlarda kararlı birnem düzeyinde çimlendirilmek suretiyle çimlenme oranını arttırmak amaçlanmıştır. Alphonse Lavalle ×Regent melezlemesinden elde edilen F? melez çekirdekleri, nemlendirilmiş perlitte 4 ay süreyle, +5?’dakatlamayı takiben; torf: perlit (1:1) harç ortamı içeren 5 cm çapındaki torf saksılara ekilmiştir. Çimlenmeyiteşvik etmek için, çekirdekler ekimden önce 24 saat gibberellik asit (GA?, 1000 ppm, benzil aminopurin(BAP, 1000 ppm), GA?+BAP (1000 ppm+1000 ppm), hidrojen peroksit (H?O?, 1 M) çözeltisinde ve suda(kontrol) tutulmuştur. Saksılar, bağıl nem miktarı sürekli %99 düzeyinde olan kapaklı plastik kutularakonulmuş ve bu kutular sıcaklığı 27? olan çimlendirme odalarına alınmıştır. Çimlenen çekirdekler yineplastik kutulara konularak sıcaklığı 25? olan ve kutuların hemen üstü LED lambalar ile aydınlatılmış(PAR=135–317 ?mol m?² s?¹) bitki gelişme odalarına yerleştirilmiştir. Kutuların kapakları her iki odada dakapalı tutulmuştur. Bitkicikler 3–5 gerçek yaprak oluşunca, plastik torbalara alınmış ve daha sonra ısıtmalıseraya alınmıştır. Uygulamalar sonucunda çimlenen çekirdek ve elde edilen bitki yüzdesi kontrolde %60.39iken, 1000 ppm GA? uygulanmış çekirdeklerde %78.32’ye kadar yükselmiştir. Üzüm çekirdeklerinin 24saat GA? çözeltisine batırılmasından sonra plastik kutularda çimlendirilmesi ve bunu takiben yine plastikkutularda geliştirilmesi, asma ıslahı çalışmalarında başarıyı arttıracak etkin bir yöntemdir.One of the main problems of grape breeding is low germination rate of hybrid seeds obtained by crossing of grape varieties. Humidity in grape seeds and germination media have extremely important for germination. In addition, some plant growth regulators (PGR) have positive effects on germination. Hybrid seeds obtained by Alphonse Lavallee and Regent grape cultivars were straficated at 5? for 4 months in damp perlite. Seeds were immersed in PGR solutions such as Gibberellic Acid (GA?, 1000 ppm), Benzyl aminopurine (BAP, 1000 ppm), Hydrogen peroxide (H?O?, 1 M), GA? + BAP (1000 ppm + 1000 ppm) and water as a control. Then, they were sown in torf pots with 5cm diameter containing perlite: torf (v/v, 1:1) mixture. Pots were put in plastic boxes with lid containing humidity 99%. All boxes were placed to germination room with temperature 27? and in dark condition. Germinated seeds were transferred another plastic box and put in growth room illuminated by LED lamps (PAR=135–317 ?mol m?² s?¹) and heated to 25?. Lids of boxes were closed position in both rooms. Seedlings with 3–5 true leaves were transferred to plastic seedling bags containing perlite: torf (v/v, 1:1) and then they were moved to greenhouse. Germination rate and obtained seedling rate were increased up to 78.32%at 1000 ppm GA? application when compared to control (60.39%). Germinating grape seeds after immersing in GA? for 24 hours and thereinafter growing seedlings in plastic boxes are an effective method for hybrid seed germination in grape breeding

The assessment of maternal deaths between 2015 and 2020 in Elazığ, Turkey

Objective: To determine the maternal deaths and the factors affecting them in our city. Methods: The maternal deaths occurred in our city between January 2015 and June 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. The review was conducted by checking “Maternal Death Registry Forms” of the Provincial Directorate of Health. In cases where additional data related with the cause of death were required, the relatives of the cases, associated family practitioner, The Council of Forensic Medicine or local authorities were contacted. The data of the cases including age, gravida, parity, abortion, delivery type, week of gestation during delivery, period of death and maternal deaths due to direct, indirect and incidental causes were recorded. Based on total live births and maternal deaths within 6.5 years, maternal mortality rate was found as the maternal death number per 100,000 live births. Descriptive statistics were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: A total of 46.618 live births occurred between 2015 and 2020 in Elazığ. The number of maternal deaths due to direct and indirect causes is 7, and maternal mortality rate was found 15.01/100,000. Hypertensive diseases during pregnancy (n=3, 42.8%), pulmonary embolism (n=1, 14.3%) and cerebral thrombosis (n=1, 14.3%) were among the natural causes of maternal deaths. Indirect cause for maternal death was cardiac diseases (n=2, 28.6%). When they were categorized according to the Three Delays Model, there were 3 death cases in the first delay model and 2 death cases in the third delay model, but there was no maternal death in the second delay model. Conclusion: Maternal death is an significant public health issue which develops due to the generally preventable causes and maintains its importance. The factors contributing to death should be paid attention in order to decrease maternal death rates