Guide to some minerals and rocks in Indiana

Indiana Geological Survey Circular 4The study of minerals and rocks is an important part of the science of geology, which treats of the history of the earth and its life, especially as recorded in the rocks. Surprisingly many of us accept as commonplace many of nature's creations because they are so familiar. Actually, we can find the earth we live on a fascinating world if only we open our eyes to see it. Geologically, Indiana is an interesting state. It has many fascinating geologic and scenic prospects in its more rugged regions., and even its flat areas possess much interesting geologic phenomenan. At one time or another everyone probably has been curious about some particular rock or other object originating in the earth. But most of us who have been curious about these rocks or objects could not identify them, and thus our curiosity remained unsatisfied because we could find no explanation for their existence. This circular was prepared with the hope that it may satisfy, at least in part, the curiosity aroused by finding rocks or minerals. It is hoped that those who have discovered rocks and minerals will be encouraged to become further acquainted with their finds by using this guide. It is impossible to cover fully in this brief report all the characteristics and variations of each kind of rock and mineral found in Indiana. For detailed information regarding Indiana geology, the reader should consult the more detailed reports of the Geological Survey and its predecessors.Indiana Department of Conservatio

Pharmacometabolomics of Response to Sertraline and to Placebo in Major Depressive Disorder - Possible Role for Methoxyindole Pathway

10.1371/journal.pone.0068283PLoS ONE87-POLN

Early Metabolic Endpoints Identify Persistent Treatment Efficacy in Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapy Trials

Objective: Mixed meal tolerance test stimulated area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide at 12 to 24 months represents the primary endpoint for nearly all intervention trials seeking to preserve beta cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that participant benefit might be detected earlier and predict outcomes at 12 months post-therapy. Such findings would support shorter trials to establish initial efficacy.Research Design and Methods: We examined data from 6 TrialNet immunotherapy randomized controlled trials in a post-hoc analysis and included additional stimulated metabolic indices beyond C-peptide AUC. We partitioned the analysis into successful and unsuccessful trials and analyzed the data both in the aggregate as well as individually for each trial.Results: Among trials meeting their primary endpoint, we identified a treatment effect at 3 and 6 months when using C-peptide AUC (p=0.030 and Conclusions: Early dynamic measures can identify a treatment effect among successful immune therapies in type 1 diabetes trials with good long-term prediction and practical sample size over a 6-month period. While external validation of these findings is required, strong rationale and data exist in support of shortening early phase clinical trials. </p

Abatacept for Delay of Type 1 Diabetes Progression in Stage 1 Relatives at Risk: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Controlled Trial

ObjectivePrevious studies showed that inhibiting lymphocyte costimulation reduces declining β-cell function in individuals newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. We tested whether abatacept would delay or prevent progression of type 1 diabetes from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) or to diabetes and the effects of treatment on immune and metabolic responses.Research design and methodsWe conducted a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial of abatacept in antibody-positive participants with NGT who received monthly abatacept/placebo infusions for 12 months. The end point was AGT or diabetes, assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests.ResultsA total of 101 participants received abatacept and 111 placebo. Of these, 81 (35 abatacept and 46 placebo) met the end point of AGT or type 1 diabetes diagnosis (hazard ratio 0.702; 95% CI 0.452, 1.09; P = 0.11) The C-peptide responses to oral glucose tolerance tests were higher in the abatacept arm (P &lt; 0.03). Abatacept reduced the frequency of inducible T-cell costimulatory (ICOS)+ PD1+ T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells during treatment (P &lt; 0.0001), increased naive CD4+ T cells, and also reduced the frequency of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) from the baseline (P = 0.0067). Twelve months after treatment, the frequency of ICOS+ Tfh, naive CD4+ T cells, and Tregs returned to baseline.ConclusionsAlthough abatacept treatment for 1 year did not significantly delay progression to glucose intolerance in at-risk individuals, it impacted immune cell subsets and preserved insulin secretion, suggesting that costimulation blockade may modify progression of type 1 diabetes