Эвристическая модель интеграции религиозности и социально-психологической адаптации

Introduction. The relationship between religiosity and adaptation is an important issue in the psychology of religion. The present study introduces a heuristic model integrating these phenomena. The model components are organized in a two-dimensional space, where extreme points indicate the intensity of the phenomena. The study revealed four types of relationship: (1) external religiousness – adaptation, (2) external religiosity – desadaptation, (3) internal religiousness – adaptation, and (4) internal religiousness – desadaptation. Methods. The data statistical processing included the following steps: (a) checking the adequacy of graphically presenting the model, (b) checking the hypothesis of the differentiation of adaptation strategies depending on their location on the coordinate plane of the geometric space of the model, (c) revealing the content of adaptation/desadaptation variables. Results. The adequacy of graphically presenting the constructed model gained empirical confirmation. Combinations of the parameters of adaptation/desadaptation and external/internal religiosity led to specific behavior types. Desadaptation resulted from external religiosity and the adaptation strategy of “leaving the environment and searching for a new one”, without the desire for change in the environment or self-changing. Adequate responses to changes in the environment led to adaptation. However, religion did not characterize the individual’s adaptation. Discussion. The presented model can be a form of cognitive scheme which simplifies the internal processing of life experience. The paper describes prospects for further research.Введение. В статье представлено решение актуальной проблемы психологии религии – взаимосвязи религиозности и адаптации личности. Новизна авторского решения заключается в создании и эмпирической апробации эвристической модели интеграции этих феноменов. Составляющие модель компоненты организованы в двумерном пространстве, в котором крайние точки обозначают интенсивность проявления феноменов. Авторами описаны четыре возможные взаимосвязи: «внешняя религиозность – адаптивность», «внешняя религиозность – дезадаптивность», «внутренняя религиозность – адаптивность», «внутренняя религиозность – дезадаптивность».        Методы. В данном разделе описаны основные, применяемые в исследовании методы, а также этапы статистической обработки данных исследования. Этапы включали в себя проверку адекватности графического представления модели, а также проверку гипотезы о дифференциации стратегий адаптации в зависимости от их расположения относительно осей координатной плоскости, составляющих геометрическое пространство модели. Отдельный этап статистической обработки данных подразумевал выявление содержательного наполнения переменных «адаптивность»/«дезадаптивность». Результаты. Данный раздел включает описание полученных в ходе эмпирического исследования результатов. Эмпирически подтверждена адекватность графического представления конструируемой модели. Представлены специфические способы поведения, порождаемые сочетанием параметров «адаптивности»/«дезадаптивности» и «внешней»/«внутренней» религиозности. Дезадаптивность складывается из таких компонентов, как «внешняя религиозность» и стратегии адаптации «уход из среды и поиск новой», при отсутствии стремления к активному изменению среды или себя. Адаптивность складывается из адекватных форм реагирования на изменение среды. Религиозность при этом не является характеристикой адаптивности личности. Обсуждение результатов. В заключении делается вывод о том, что представленную модель можно рассматривать как разновидность когнитивной схемы, ускоряющей и упрощающей внутреннюю переработку жизненного опыта. Описаны возможные перспективы дальнейших исследований в этом направлении

Bioprinting of functional vascularized mouse thyroid gland construct.

Bioprinting can be defined as additive biofabrication of 3D tissues and organ constructs using tissue spheroids, capable of self-assembly, as building blocks. Thyroid gland, a relatively simple endocrine organ, is suitable for testing the proposed bioprinting technology. Here we report the bioprinting of functional vascularized mouse thyroid gland construct from embryonic tissue spheroids as a proof of concept. Based on the self-assembly principle, we generated thyroid tissue starting from thyroid spheroids (TS) and allantoic spheroids (AS), as a source of thyrocytes and endothelial cells (EC), respectively. Inspired by mathematical modelling of spheroid fusion, we used an original 3D bioprinter to print TS in close association with AS within collagen hydrogel. During the culture, closely placed embryonic tissue spheroids fused into a single integral construct, endothelial cells from AS invaded and vascularized TS, and epithelial cells from the TS progressively formed follicles. In this experimental setting, we observed formation of capillary network around follicular cells, as observed during in utero thyroid development when thyroid epithelium controls the recruitment, invasion and expansion of EC around follicles. To prove that EC from AS are responsible for vascularization of thyroid gland construct, we depleted endogenous EC from thyroid spheroids before bioprinting. EC from allantoic spheroids completely revascularized depleted thyroid tissue. Cultured bioprinted construct was functional as it could normalize blood thyroxin levels and body temperature after grafting under the kidney capsule of hypothyroid mice. Bioprinting of functional vascularized mouse thyroid gland construct represents further advance in bioprinting technology exploring self-assembling properties of tissue spheroids

Bioprinting of a functional vascularized mouse thyroid gland construct

Bioprinting can be defined as additive biofabrication of 3D tissues and organ constructs using tissue spheroids, capable of self-assembly, as building blocks. Thyroid gland, a relatively simple endocrine organ, is suitable for testing the proposed bioprinting technology. Here we report the bioprinting of functional vascularized mouse thyroid gland construct from embryonic tissue spheroids as a proof of concept. Based on the self-assembly principle, we generated thyroid tissue starting from thyroid spheroids (TS) and allantoic spheroids (AS), as a source of thyrocytes and endothelial cells (EC), respectively. Inspired by mathematical modelling of spheroid fusion, we used an original 3D bioprinter to print TS in close association with AS within collagen hydrogel. During the culture, closely placed embryonic tissue spheroids fused into a single integral construct, endothelial cells from AS invaded and vascularized TS, and epithelial cells from the TS progressively formed follicles. In this experimental setting, we observed formation of capillary network around follicular cells, as observed during in utero thyroid development when thyroid epithelium controls the recruitment, invasion and expansion of EC around follicles. To prove that EC from AS are responsible for vascularization of thyroid gland construct, we depleted endogenous EC from thyroid spheroids before bioprinting. EC from allantoic spheroids completely revascularized depleted thyroid tissue. Cultured bioprinted construct was functional as it could normalize blood thyroxin levels and body temperature after grafting under the kidney capsule of hypothyroid mice. Bioprinting of functional vascularized mouse thyroid gland construct represents further advance in bioprinting technology exploring self-assembling properties of tissue spheroids

Discovery of Novel Highly Potent Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitor (AV4025)

A series of next in class small-molecule hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors with picomolar potency containing 2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-5-{4-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-1<i>H</i>-imidazol-5-yl)­buta-1,3-diynyl]­phenyl}-1<i>H</i>-imidazole cores was designed based on the SAR studies available for the reported NS5A inhibitors. Compound <b>13a</b> (AV4025), with (<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>)-stereochemistry (EC₅₀ = 3.4 ± 0.2 pM, HCV replicon genotype 1b), was dramatically more active than were the compounds with two (<i>S</i>)- and two (<i>R</i>)-chiral centers. Human serum did not significantly reduce the antiviral activity (<4-fold). Relatively favorable pharmacokinetic features and good oral bioavailability were observed during animal studies. Compound <b>13a</b> was well tolerated in rodents (in mice, LD₅₀ = 2326 mg/kg or higher), providing a relatively high therapeutic index. During safety, pharmacology and subchronic toxicity studies in rats and dogs, it was not associated with any significant pathological or clinical findings. This compound is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection