The Evolution and Future Trends of Unsaturated Polyester Biocomposites: A Bibliometric Analysis

Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is one of the first commercialized polymer matrices for composites reinforced with glass fibers, but has remained popular to this day. To reduce their environmental impact, natural fibers have been used as reinforcements. Researchers all over the world are still interested in these composites, and numerous papers have been published in the last four decades. Using bibliometric analysis, this work provides compiled, structured, and relevant information about the evolution and current state of these materials. This first study on UPR biocomposites based on bibliometric analysis examined 531 published papers identified in the Scopus database from 1982 to July 2022. An analysis of the most active states, leading institutions, and leading authors is followed by the identification of key areas such as the most common natural fibers used as reinforcements, fiber treatments, and composite design parameters such as processing techniques; recently, composite testing; and technological applications. The findings emphasize the importance of staying active in this global field and provide information on novel promising topics for future research.This research was funded by Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, grant number “692C-09/21-25” and “The Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia” proyect name “Desarrollo de aplicaciones a partir del aprovechamiento de los subproductos de la cadena productiva del fique para la industria de alimentos, fitoterapeútica y cosmética.”, grant number 1210-903-86606

Fibrillated Cellulose and Block Copolymers as a Modifiers of Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites

<p>Fibrillated Cellulose and Block Copolymers as a Modifiers of Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites</p> <p></p

Relationship between the Morphology of Nanostructured Unsaturated Polyesters Modified with PEO‑<i>b</i>‑PPO‑<i>b</i>‑PEO Triblock Copolymer and Their Optical and Mechanical Properties

Nanostructured thermosets were achieved by mixing an unsaturated polyester (UP) resin with an amphiphilic poly­[(ethylene oxide)-<i>b</i>-(propylene oxide)-<i>b</i>-(ethylene oxide)] block copolymer (EPE). Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering were used to study the miscibility and molecular dynamics of nonreactive mixtures. Obtained results indicated that the formation of the nanostructured thermosets followed a self-assembly mechanism. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the morphology of the thermosets. It was found that mixtures cured at 25 °C nanostructured with smaller domains had higher transparency if compared to the mixtures cured at 35 °C. The mechanical properties of nanostructured thermosets showed that UP resin was significantly toughened by addition of the EPE. Results indicated that, for an EPE content of 15 wt %, the critical stress intensity factor, <i>K</i>_Ic, of the mixture increased ca. 40%, if compared to the neat UP thermoset

Effect of Poly(ethylene oxide) Homopolymer and Two Different Poly(ethylene oxide-<i>b</i>-poly(propylene oxide)-<i>b</i>-poly(ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers on Morphological, Optical, and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Unsaturated Polyester

Novel nanostructured unsaturated polyester resin-based thermosets, modified with poly­(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly­(propylene oxide) (PPO), and two poly­(ethylene oxide-<i>b</i>-propylene oxide-<i>b</i>-ethylene oxide) block copolymers (BCP), were developed and analyzed. The effects of molecular weights, blocks ratio, and curing temperatures on the final morphological, optical, and mechanical properties were reported. The block influence on the BCP miscibility was studied through uncured and cured mixtures of unsaturated polyester (UP) resins with PEO and PPO homopolymers having molecular weights similar to molecular weights of the blocks of BCP. The final morphology of the nanostructured thermosetting systems, containing BCP or homopolymers, was investigated, and multiple mechanisms of nanostructuration were listed and explained. By considering the miscibility of each block before and after curing, it was determined that the formation of the nanostructured matrices followed a self-assembly mechanism or a polymerization-induced phase separation mechanism. The miscibility between PEO or PPO blocks with one of two phases of UP matrix was highlighted due to its importance in the final thermoset properties. Relationships between the final morphology and thermoset optical and mechanical properties were examined. The mechanisms and physics behind the morphologies lead toward the design of highly transparent, nanostructured, and toughened thermosetting UP systems