Evaluation of white spot syndrome virus variable DNA loci as molecular markers of virus spread at intermediate spatiotemporal scales

Variable genomic loci have been employed in a number of molecular epidemiology studies of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), but it is unknown which loci are suitable molecular markers for determining WSSV spread on different spatiotemporal scales. Although previous work suggests that multiple introductions of WSSV occurred in central Vietnam, it is largely uncertain how WSSV was introduced and subsequently spread. Here, we evaluate five variable WSSV DNA loci as markers of virus spread on an intermediate (i.e. regional) scale, and develop a detailed and statistically supported model for the spread of WSSV. The genotypes of 17 WSSV isolates from along the coast of Vietnam – nine of which were newly characterized in this study – were analysed to obtain sufficient samples on an intermediate scale and to allow statistical analysis. Only the ORF23/24 variable region is an appropriate marker on this scale, as geographically proximate isolates show similar deletion sizes. The ORF14/15 variable region and variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci are not useful as markers on this scale. ORF14/15 may be suitable for studying larger spatiotemporal scales, whereas VNTR loci are probably suitable for smaller scales. For ORF23/24, there is a clear pattern in the spatial distribution of WSSV: the smallest genomic deletions are found in central Vietnam, and larger deletions are found in the south and the north. WSSV genomic deletions tend to increase over time with virus spread in cultured shrimp, and our data are therefore congruent with the hypothesis that WSSV was introduced in central Vietnam and then radiated ou

High Reynolds number tests of a Douglas DLBA 032 airfoil in the Langley 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel

A wind-tunnel investigation of a Douglas advanced-technology airfoil was conducted in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (0.3-m TCT). The temperature was varied from 227 K (409 R) to 100 K (180 R) at pressures ranging from about 159 kPa (1.57 atm) to about 514 kPa (5.07 atm). Mach number was varied from 0.50 to 0.78. These variables provided a Reynolds number range (based on airfoil chord) from 6.0 to 30.0 x 10 to the 6th power. This investigation was specifically designed to: (1) test a Douglas airfoil from moderately low to flight-equivalent Reynolds numbers, and (2) evaluate sidewall-boundary-layer effects on transonic airfoil performance characteristics by a systematic variation of Mach number, Reynolds number, and sidewall-boundary-layer removal. Data are included which demonstrate the effects of fixing transition, Mach number, Reynolds number, and sidewall-boundary-layer removal on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil. Also included are remarks on model design and model structural integrity

On the solutions of universal differential equation by noncommutative Picard-Vessiot theory

Basing on Picard-Vessiot theory of noncommutative differential equations and algebraic combinatorics on noncommutative formal series with holomorphic coefficients, various recursive constructions of sequences of grouplike series converging to solutions of universal differential equation are proposed. Basing on monoidal factorizations, these constructions intensively use diagonal series and various pairs of bases in duality, in concatenation-shuffle bialgebra and in a Loday's generalized bialgebra. As applications, the unique solution, satisfying asymptotic conditions, of Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations is provided by d\'evissage

Families of eulerian functions involved in regularization of divergent polyzetas

Extending the Eulerian functions, we study their relationship with zeta function of several variables. In particular, starting with Weierstrass factorization theorem (and Newton-Girard identity) for the complex Gamma function, we are interested in the ratios of $\zeta(2k)/\pi^{2k}$ and their multiindexed generalization, we will obtain an analogue situation and draw some consequences about a structure of the algebra of polyzetas values, by means of some combinatorics of noncommutative rational series. The same combinatorial frameworks also allow to study the independence of a family of eulerian functions.Comment: preprin

On The Global Renormalization and Regularization of Several Complex Variable Zeta Functions by Computer

This review concerns the resolution of a special case of Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations ($KZ_3$) using our recent results on combinatorial aspects of zeta functions on several variables and software on noncommutative symbolic computations. In particular, we describe the actual solution of $(KZ_3)$ leading to the unique noncommutative series, $\Phi_{KZ}$, so-called Drinfel'd associator (or Drinfel'd series). Non-trivial expressions for series with rational coefficients, satisfying the same properties with $\Phi_{KZ}$, are also explicitly provided due to the algebraic structure and the singularity analysis of the polylogarithms and harmonic sums