7 research outputs found
Evolutionary Origins and Functions of the Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Marine Diatoms
- Author
- A Falciatore
- A Falciatore
- A Hager
- A Hager
- A Montsant
- A Montsant
- A Nott
- A Ruban
- AD Hieber
- AD Hieber
- AE Allen
- Angela Falciatore
- C Leblanc
- C Wilhelm
- CB Field
- Chris Bowler
- CS Im
- DG Mann
- DM Nelson
- DR Flower
- E Marin
- EE Pfundel
- EV Armbrust
- F Abascal
- F Bohne
- F Bouvier
- H Mewes
- H Stransky
- H Wagner
- HL MacIntyre
- HS Yoon
- HY Yamamoto
- I Grouneva
- J Lavaud
- J Lavaud
- J Lavaud
- J Marquardt
- J von Lintig
- JA Berges
- JB Charron
- Joao Varela
- JP Salier
- KJ Livak
- KK Niyogi
- KK Niyogi
- Lennart Randau
- M Lohr
- M Lohr
- M Olaizola
- M Siaut
- MD Ganfornina
- Miroslav ObornĂk
- MJ Paul
- N Schubert
- NE Holt
- NJ Patron
- O Emanuelsson
- P Muller
- PG Falkowski
- R Goss
- R Goss
- RC Bugos
- RC Bugos
- RF Strzepek
- RM Green
- RRL Guillard
- S Guindon
- S Joshua
- S Li
- Sacha Coesel
- T Cavalier-Smith
- T Jakob
- T Kleine
- T Lassmann
- TA Hall
- U Maheswari
- WH Kooistra
- WH Kooistra
- Y Nakamura
- Publication venue
- Public Library of Science
- Publication date
- 01/01/2008
- Field of study
Carotenoids are produced by all photosynthetic organisms, where they play essential roles in light harvesting and photoprotection. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of diatoms is largely unstudied, but is of particular interest because these organisms have a very different evolutionary history with respect to the Plantae and are thought to be derived from an ancient secondary endosymbiosis between heterotrophic and autotrophic eukaryotes. Furthermore, diatoms have an additional xanthophyll-based cycle for dissipating excess light energy with respect to green algae and higher plants. To explore the origins and functions of the carotenoid pathway in diatoms we searched for genes encoding pathway components in the recently completed genome sequences of two marine diatoms. Consistent with the supplemental xanthophyll cycle in diatoms, we found more copies of the genes encoding violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) enzymes compared with other photosynthetic eukaryotes. However, the similarity of these enzymes with those of higher plants indicates that they had very probably diversified before the secondary endosymbiosis had occurred, implying that VDE and ZEP represent early eukaryotic innovations in the Plantae. Consequently, the diatom chromist lineage likely obtained all paralogues of ZEP and VDE genes during the process of secondary endosymbiosis by gene transfer from the nucleus of the algal endosymbiont to the host nucleus. Furthermore, the presence of a ZEP gene in Tetrahymena thermophila provides the first evidence for a secondary plastid gene encoded in a heterotrophic ciliate, providing support for the chromalveolate hypothesis. Protein domain structures and expression analyses in the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum indicate diverse roles for the different ZEP and VDE isoforms and demonstrate that they are differentially regulated by light. These studies therefore reveal the ancient origins of several components of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in photosynthetic eukaryotes and provide information about how they have diversified and acquired new functions in the diatoms
Infanticide and the Juries in France, 1825-1913
- Author
- Ariès Philippe
- Beer Henri
- Bertillon Jacques
- Bidelman Patrick K.
- Brochard Andre
- Brouardel P.
- Bugos Paul E.
- Chatagnier M.
- CP
- Cruppi Jean
- Donovan James M.
- Esmein Adhemar
- Harsin Jill
- Hartman Mary S.
- Hufton Owen H.
- Langer William L.
- Levasseur E.
- Loubat William
- McMillan James F.
- MJ
- Moses Claire Goldberg.
- Moulin Patricia
- Payne Howard C.
- Pinon H.
- Proal Louis
- Scrimshaw Susan C.M.
- Shorter Edward
- Spengler Joseph J.
- Stearns Peter N.
- Sussman George D.
- Tardieu Ambroise
- Weber Eugen
- Williamson Laila
- Wright Gordon
- Publication venue
- 'SAGE Publications'
- Publication date
- Field of study
When Chickens Devoured Cows: The Collapse of National Bargaining in the Red Meat Industry and Union Rebuilding in the Meat and Poultry Industry
- Author
- Anderson Eugene
- Asseddine M Azzam
- Azzeddine M Azzam
- Barry T Hirsch
- Borjas
- C Schwartzman Kathleen
- C Taylor
- Chalfant James
- Charles Craypo
- Charles R Perry
- Charlotte Garden
- Christopher G Davis
- Dale Belman
- Dale J Menkhaus
- Daniel S Moen
- David A Bessler
- David A Henessey
- David Barboza
- David Brody
- Dell Champlin
- Emery P Dalesio
- Emilio A Parrado
- Eric J Bartelsman
- Gabriel
- Gary Gereffi
- Gary Gereffi
- Geoffrey S Becker
- George J Borjas
- Gipsa Usda
- Glen Bugos
- Jackie Gabriel
- James Macdonald
- James Macdonald
- James Macdonald
- James S Eales
- Jeffrey Keefe
- Jerry Kammer
- John Bruggeman
- John M Marsh
- John R Commons
- Kay E Anderson
- Kyle W Stiegert
- Kyle W Stiegert
- Lance Compa
- Lance Compa
- Linda M Young
- Marcy Lowe
- Marcy Lowe
- Mark Drabenstott
- Mathias Bolton
- Michael E Porter
- Michael Ollinger
- Michael Ollinger
- Michael Piore
- Morrison Paul
- Ollinger
- Peter Cappelli
- Peyton Ferrier
- Porter Michael
- Ren�e Johnson
- Roger Horowitz
- Roger Horowitz
- Roger Horowitz
- Sara E Bollerup
- Stephanie E Tanger
- Steve W Martinez
- Steve W Martinez
- Steven Greenhouse
- Susan Mcdowell
- Tomislav Vukina
- Tomislav Vukina
- William Kandel
- William Kandel
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
Chicken Breeding: The Complex Transition from Traditional to Genetic Methods in the USA
- Author
- A. L. Hagedoorn
- Barbara A. Kimmelman
- Barbara A. Kimmelman
- Bert Theunissen
- Bert Theunissen
- Bert Theunissen
- C. Grasseni
- Christian Wriedt
- Christophe Bonneuil
- Deborah Fitzgerald
- Deborah Fitzgerald
- Deborah Fitzgerald
- Diane B. Paul
- Don C. Warren
- Donald F. Jones
- E. Parmalee Prentice
- E. S. Savage
- Edward L. Schapsmeier
- Ernest Brown Babcock
- Everett M. Rogers
- George Harrison Shull
- Gerald B. Havenstein
- Glenn E. Bugos
- Gordon Sawyer
- H. Cecil Pawson
- H. L. Shrader
- Harriet Ritvo
- Harriet Ritvo
- Hon. Mrs. Neville Lytton
- I. K. Felch
- I. K. Felch
- I. Michael Lerner
- Jack Ralph Kloppenburg Jr
- James F. Crow
- Jonathan Harwood
- Jonathan Harwood
- Jonathan Harwood
- Kathy J. Cooke
- Kay White
- L. C. Dunn
- Margaret Derry
- Margaret E. Derry
- Nicholas Russell
- Oscar A. Hanke
- Paolo Palladino
- Peter Dreyer
- Robert Olby
- Roger Horowitz
- Roger J. Wood
- Roger J. Wood
- Roger J. Wood
- Roger J. Wood
- Sarah Wilmot
- Sarah Wilmot
- Sewall Wright
- Sewall Wright
- Sewall Wright
- Sewall Wright
- Sewall Wright
- Sewall Wright
- Sewall Wright
- Stéphane Castonguay
- Thomas Wieland
- VĂtezslav Orel
- W. D. Termohlen
- Walter Heape
- Walter Van Riper
- William B. Provine
- William B. Provine
- William Boyd
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
De novo sequencing and analysis of Lophophora williamsii transcriptome, and searching for putative genes involved in mescaline biosynthesis
- Author
- A Bairoch
- A Gauthier
- A Pribat
- AB Christensen
- AG Paul
- Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- AM Mayer
- Araceli Fernández-Cortes
- B Chevreux
- B Langmead
- C Zubieta
- Carlos Calderón-Vázquez
- Claudia AnahĂ PĂ©rez-Torres
- CM Marusek
- D Anzellotti
- D Schmitt
- DA Robb
- DH Nagel
- DJ Stekel
- E Gongora-Castillo
- E Novaes
- E Selinheimo
- Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Enrique RamĂrez-Chávez
- Flor Zamudio-Hernández
- GJ Kapadia
- GR Moran
- H Chiron
- I Mallona
- J Bruhn
- J Lundström
- J Vega-Arreguin
- J Ye
- J Zhang
- JC Cushman
- JC Cushman
- JJ Turnbull
- JL McLaughlin
- JN Rodriguez-Lopez
- Jorge Molina-Torres
- José Luis Olivares-Romero
- JR Ross
- K Silvera
- K Winter
- KC Lam
- KJ Livak
- KL Farquharson
- L Tran
- Luis Herrera-Estrella
- M Anisimova
- M Aragane
- M Gouy
- M Gutensohn
- M Ibdah
- M Kanehisa
- M Kanehisa
- M Rundgren
- M Wein
- MAK Jansen
- MG Willits
- ML Neidig
- N Dudareva
- N Suetsugu
- P Kovacic
- P Mas
- PF Fitzpatrick
- PJ Davies
- PJ Facchini
- Q Wu
- R Ibrahim
- R Ullrich
- RC Bugos
- RC Edgar
- RE Schultes
- RP Hausinger
- S Frick
- S Gross
- S Guindon
- S Kumar
- S Tarazona
- SQ Le
- T Akashi
- T Bizuayehu
- TM Kutchan
- V Purpero
- Victor A. Albert
- W Huang
- X Huang
- X-H Zhang
- Y Liu
- Y Moriya
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Men, women, and sustainability
- Author
- A J. Coale
- A. Bideau
- A. Bideau
- A. E. Imhof
- A. Hayami
- A. L. Hughes
- A. L. Hughes
- A. R. Rogers
- A. R. Rogers
- A. R. Rogers
- A. T. Durning
- B. Whiting
- B. Whiting
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Bobbi S. Low
- Burney Boeuf Le
- C. A. Corsini
- C. Darwin
- C. Mosk
- C. Packer
- C. Packer
- Charles Tilly
- D. B. Botkin
- D. R. Omark
- D. Ransel
- D. S. Freedman
- E. A. Wrigley
- E. Hill
- E. O. Wilson
- E. Ostrom
- E. Ostrom
- E. Voland
- E. Voland
- F. L. MacKellar
- F. V. Mello
- G. Cabourdin
- G. Hardin
- Gary S. Becker
- Gary S. Becker
- George Williams
- H. Barry III
- H. Kaplan
- J. A. Fadiman
- J. B. Lancaster
- J. Boswell
- J. C. Caldwell
- J. C. Caldwell
- J. D. Griffith
- J. Dupâquier
- J. H. Barkow
- J. Hartung
- J. Hartung
- J. Hill
- J. Knodel
- J. Knodel
- J. Knodel
- J. L. Boone III
- J. L. Boone III.
- J. L. Simon
- J. Manson
- J. P. Parry
- J. Sherwood
- John D. Kasarda
- K. Hawkes
- K. Hill
- L. L. Betzig
- L. L. Betzig
- Lee Cronk
- Lee Cronk
- M. A. Rank
- M. Cain
- M. Daly
- M. Daly
- M. Daly
- M. Daly
- M. Daly
- M. Dickemann
- M. Drake
- M. V. Flinn
- N. A. Chagnon
- N. A. Chagnon
- N. A. Chagnon
- N. Birdsall
- N. E. Johnson
- N. G. Blurton Jones
- P. C. Click
- P. E. Bugos
- P. H. Lindert
- P. P. Viazzo
- P. Rosenblatt
- P. W. Turke
- P. W. Turke
- P. W. Turke
- P. W. Turke
- R. A. Fisher
- R. Boyd
- R. C. Connor
- R. D. Alexander
- R. Dawkins
- R. Dawkins
- R. Easterlin
- R. Easterlin
- R. H. MacArthur
- R. Lesthaeghe
- R. Paul Shaw
- R. S. Schofield
- S. B. Hrdy
- S. B. Hrdy
- S. B. Hrdy
- S. Ă…kerman
- T. H. Clutton-Brock
- U. Pfister
- U. Pfister
- V. Abernethy
- W. Irons
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes
- Author
- Aagnes I
- Aambakk MB
- Aase O
- Aaser E
- Abdel-Latief A
- Abell T
- Aboufakher R
- Abramson B
- Abrantes J
- Achilli A
- Adams A
- Adams K
- Adamus J
- Addington J
- Adgey A
- Adjei A
- Agarwal J
- Aggarwal A
- Aggarwal K
- Aggarwal R
- Agocha A
- Agraou B
- Aguirre O
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed O
- Ahsan A
- Airaksinen J
- Airoldi F
- Aji J
- Akkad H
- Akubzanova E
- Al-Ani R
- Al-Jumaily J
- Alameda J
- Albirini A
- Albuquerque A
- Albuquerque D
- Alcasena S
- Alexander J
- Alfonso F
- Ali MI
- Alings MA
- Allall O
- Allen J
- Allen RP
- Allred S
- Almeira AS
- Alonso L
- Alsagheer S
- Alshaher M
- Altschuller A
- Alvarez J
- Alvarez J
- Alvarez Y
- Alves A
- Amidon T
- Amos M
- Anaszewicz M
- Andersen M
- Andersen O
- Andersson E
- Andersson G
- Andrade G
- Andrade M
- Andrea B
- Andreou C
- Antonangelo A
- Antorrena I
- Appel K
- Arana C
- Aranda M
- Araujo J
- Arce R
- Ardito RV
- Ardito W
- Arend C
- Arias V
- Armada E
- Armstrong P
- Arnold A
- Arnold M
- Arntsen BI
- Arora P
- Aros F
- Arriagada G
- Arriagada G
- Artaecheverria J
- Arvesen K
- Arvigo L
- Ash Y
- Aske R
- Ata N
- Atar D
- Atar S
- Atassi K
- Atieh M
- Atkinson C
- Atzenhofer-Baumgartner K
- Auer J
- Aug L
- Ausen K
- Aycock G
- Aylward P
- Aylward P
- Ayres T
- Azize G
- Azrin M
- Azzolini P
- Babu R
- Bach R
- Badings EA
- Baeza N
- Baig M
- Baiz A
- Bajcsi É
- Balaguera J
- Balcells E
- Baldari D
- Baldus S
- Bali H
- Ballantyne C
- Ballmer P
- Banerjee S
- Bang-Hansen T
- Banikova A
- Bankowski D
- Banks K
- Bansal M
- Baraona F
- Barber C
- Barber C
- Barbir M
- Barillas O
- Barnes D
- Barnett O
- Barr C
- Barrett J
- Barringhaus K
- Barron M
- Bartels GL
- Basilio E
- Bass M
- Bassand J
- Bassand JP
- Bassand JP
- Basso V
- Bata I
- Battikadi S
- Battin D
- Bauer B
- Baumanns S
- Bautista J
- Bayat J
- Bayer M
- Bayer M
- Bayles A
- Bazzi A
- Beaudry M
- Bedoya R
- Been M
- Belicova M
- Bell K
- Belle L
- Beloscar J
- Beltran R
- Beltrano MC
- Ben-Aharon J
- Ben-Yehuda O
- Benetar J
- Bengtsson PO
- Bennermo M
- Bennett J
- Benyahya L
- Beresford P
- Berezniakov I
- Berger M
- Berger-Kucza A
- Bergeron J
- Berglund M
- Berglund R
- Bergsten J
- Berk M
- Berli M
- Bernardi D
- Berra F
- Berrospi P
- Bertolet B
- Bescos L
- Bethea C
- Bethencourt A
- Betti I
- Betzu R
- Bhalla H
- Bhalodkar N
- Bhargava M
- Bhargava R
- Bhargavi M
- Bhesania T
- Biasucci L
- Biedermann B
- Bikkina M
- Bilazarian S
- Bilodeau N
- Bin Ismail O
- Binaghi G
- Birkemeyer R
- Birnbaum Y
- Bishop A
- Bishop B
- Bishop C
- Bissett J
- Bissett J
- Bittel B
- Bitzer V
- Bjornstad H
- Blacher MG
- Blais D
- Blank E
- Blazing M
- Blazing M
- Blazing M
- Blazing Michael A.
- Blessing E
- Block D
- Bluguermann J
- Blumberg E
- Bobek M
- Bocconcelli P
- Bocconcelli P
- Bodanese L
- Bodenstein W
- Boehm S
- Bogomolny N
- Bohle D
- Bohlscheid V
- Bohorquez R
- Bohula Erin A.
- Boliek W
- Bolli R
- Bolsman C
- Bonatti S
- Bondi L
- Bondio M
- Bone C
- Bonnet J
- Bono J
- Book K
- Boomer L
- Boos C
- Botero R
- Bottzauw J
- Botwin S
- Boudriot E
- Bouvier JM
- Bowden W
- Bozek B
- Bradford L
- Bradford L
- Brady A
- Brady A
- Brady A
- Braga J
- Branca G
- Branny M
- Branzi A
- Braun P
- Braunwald Eugene
- Breen J
- Brike C
- Britto F
- Britto F
- Britto F
- Broadwater S
- Bronnum-Schou J
- Brossoit R
- Brown C
- Brown C
- Brown C
- Brown J
- Brunelli C
- Brunelli C
- Brunk S
- Bruno N
- Brunvand H
- Brussee H
- Bryniarski L
- Budzon S
- Bueno M
- Buerke M
- Buerke M
- Bugos V
- Buijs EM
- Buijs F
- Bullivant M
- Burgess L
- Burghard S
- Burley T
- Burton J
- Buss I
- Bustamante G
- Butcher R
- Butkus E
- Butter C
- Buzetti C
- Byfuglien A
- Cabrera-Santamaria A
- CalderĂłn MJ
- Calic S
- Califf
- Calpar I
- Calzolari D
- Campbell C
- Campbell T
- Campos C
- Cannon C
- Cannon C
- Cannon Christopher P.
- Canto J
- Cappelen H
- Capucci A
- Capucci A
- Cardillo MT
- Cardinal F
- Cardoso A
- Carell E
- Carell E
- Carey C
- Carlessi C
- Carlevaro O
- Carling-Chambers L
- Carlsson F
- Carmelo M
- Carr K
- Carrageta M
- Carrageta M
- Carrageta M
- Carrié D
- Carswell BS
- Cartasegna L
- Caruso O
- Casalins M
- Casares G
- Caso P
- Caspi A
- Cassadonte F
- Cassavar D
- Cassel G
- Castoldi M
- Castro P
- Castro R
- Catarino C
- Caussin C
- Cauthren T
- Cavallini C
- Ceder-Brolin K
- Centeno E
- Centurion C
- Cepeda M
- Cequier A
- Chadwyn D
- Chae SC
- Chalavarya G
- Chambers J
- Chandler G
- Chandna H
- Chandna H
- Chandna H
- Chandra P
- Chandraratna P
- Chandrasekaran S
- Chang D
- Chang G
- Chang K
- Chang K
- Chang M
- Charng M
- Chattree K
- Chavarri M
- Chavez V
- Chee K
- Chernick R
- Chessa P
- Cheung S
- Chew D
- Chhabra A
- Chian-Yi W
- Chiariello M
- Chilakamarri V
- Childs A
- Childs C
- Chiodi L
- Chiu A
- Cho M
- Choi Y
- Cholewa M
- Chopra A
- Chopra V
- Christopher J
- Christy L
- Chronos N
- Chu A
- Chui K
- Chung W
- Ciampricotti R
- Cianflone D
- Cicia G
- Cihalik C
- Ciliberti D
- Cirillo W
- Ciuti G
- Cizinsky S
- Clarke A
- Clarus S
- Clausen H
- Clausen H
- Clavero X
- Clemmensen P
- Cleveland D
- Cleveland T
- Cloud B
- Cobos M
- Cocco N
- Coelho O
- Coetzee C
- Coffin N
- Coffman A
- Cohen B
- Cohen LE
- Cohen Y
- Coisne D
- Coldwell J
- Colfer H
- Collins J
- Collins J
- Collins T
- Colombo H
- Commerford P
- Conaway D
- Connolly T
- Constance C
- Conti M
- Cooke J
- Cooke L
- Corbalan R
- Corbalan R
- Corbett C
- Cortada J
- Corut S
- Cossett J
- Costa M
- Costantini C
- Costello T
- Cottin Y
- Coviaux F
- Coy K
- Craig M
- Crandall L
- Crawford K
- Cristaldi J
- Cristell N
- Cronje T
- Cross D
- Crutchfield B
- Cryderman C
- CsapĂł K
- Cubeddu L
- Cuccia C
- Cullen T
- Curry R
- Curtis S
- Cush S
- Cusimano S
- Cyncar R
- D'Urso M
- da Costa FA
- da Cunha C
- Dagefoerde N
- Dahiya R
- Dalby A
- Dalby A
- Dalby A
- Dale H
- Daley P
- Dalin L
- Dambrine P
- Damiano M
- Damiano S
- Damm T
- Dani S
- Daniel D
- Daniels MC
- Danse IY
- Darcel I
- Darius H
- Darius H
- Darius H
- Darius Harald
- Darnell Z
- Dauber I
- Dave R
- David M
- Davidovits S
- Davidson L
- Davis B
- Davis C
- Davis G
- Davis T
- Davis W
- Davy J
- Dawson G
- De Andrade M
- De Belder M
- de Carvalho Moreira R
- De Caterina R
- De Clippel M
- De Feo S
- De Ferrari G
- De Ferrari G
- De Ferrari Gaetano M.
- De Ferrari GM
- De Gregorio M
- de la Guia F
- de la Guia F
- De Larochelliere R
- de Lemos J
- De Lemos J
- De Lucca Paul
- De Maria E
- de Sa E
- de Salazar D
- de Souza J
- de Teresa E
- de Valdecilla H
- De Velder L
- De Wolf L
- Debrouwer K
- Decker S
- DeFranco A
- Del Core M
- del Rio A
- Dela Cruz C
- Delahaye F
- Delgado J
- Delio-Cox B
- Della Siega A
- Dellatorre M
- Dellborg M
- Dellborg M
- Dellborg M
- Delport E
- Demarcq JM
- Dempsey K
- Den Hartog FR
- DeRaad R
- Desai V
- Desalca M
- DeSimone L
- DeVault S
- Devlin G
- Dhooghe G
- Di Biase M
- Di Fazio J
- Di Pasquale G
- Diadema B
- Dias D
- Dickinson D
- Dietz S
- Dietz W
- Diffenback M
- Dignen K
- Dijkshoorn-Giesen AH
- Dimenna J
- Diogo A
- Dion D
- Dionisopoulos P
- Dirkali A
- DiVito P
- Dobies D
- Dodt K
- Doerr M
- Dohmann H
- Dohmann H
- Domingo D
- Donegan R
- Donnelly B
- Donovan C
- Dos Santos ES
- Dos Santos LB
- Doty W
- Doucet M
- Doughty A
- Douglas L
- Dourmap-Collas C
- Doux N
- Dragu R
- Drenning D
- Drexel H
- Droste HT
- Duarte YC
- Dubiel J
- Dubois-Rande JL
- Duda N
- Duengen H
- Dujardin J
- Dujardin K
- Dunselman PH
- Dupuis R
- Duris T
- Duris T
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- Ă…ngman K
- Édes I
- Ă–stberg S
- Publication venue
- 'Massachusetts Medical Society'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2015
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Statin therapy reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular events, but whether the addition of ezetimibe, a nonstatin drug that reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption, can reduce the rate of cardiovascular events further is not known. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized trial involving 18,144 patients who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome within the preceding 10 days and had LDL cholesterol levels of 50 to 100 mg per deciliter (1.3 to 2.6 mmol per liter) if they were receiving lipid-lowering therapy or 50 to 125 mg per deciliter (1.3 to 3.2 mmol per liter) if they were not receiving lipid-lowering therapy. The combination of simvastatin (40 mg) and ezetimibe (10 mg) (simvastatin-ezetimibe) was compared with simvastatin (40 mg) and placebo (simvastatin monotherapy). The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring rehospitalization, coronary revascularization ( 6530 days after randomization), or nonfatal stroke. The median follow-up was 6 years. RESULTS: The median time-weighted average LDL cholesterol level during the study was 53.7 mg per deciliter (1.4 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group, as compared with 69.5 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin-monotherapy group (P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier event rate for the primary end point at 7 years was 32.7% in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group, as compared with 34.7% in the simvastatin-monotherapy group (absolute risk difference, 2.0 percentage points; hazard ratio, 0.936; 95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 0.99; P = 0.016). Rates of pre-specified muscle, gallbladder, and hepatic adverse effects and cancer were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: When added to statin therapy, ezetimibe resulted in incremental lowering of LDL cholesterol levels and improved cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, lowering LDL cholesterol to levels below previous targets provided additional benefit