Ellagic acid production using polyphenols from orange peel waste by submerged fermentation

Background Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results The orange peel waste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2×107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications.L. Sepúlveda thanks CONACYT for the support provided through the program “Postdoctoral stays abroad for the consolidation of research groups” with proposal number 262627. This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Zlatina Genisheva wish to thank to FCT for the financial support (SFRH/BPD/108868/2015).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Production, Stabilization, And Uses Of Enzymes From Fruit and Vegetable Byproducts

Publisher Copyright: © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Microbial enzymes are preferred due to their economic feasibility, high yields, consistency, ease of product modification and optimization, regular supply due to absence of seasonal fluctuations, rapid growth of microbes on inexpensive media, stability, and greater catalytic activity. Enzymes with desired activity under industrial conditions have been obtained. These enzymes have been achieved in several ways, isolating new microorganisms, often thermotolerant, by searching in metagenomic libraries for new gene sequences, or by mutagenesis, screening for optimizing process conditions, and by protein engineering. The use of enzymes frequently results in many benefits that cannot be obtained with traditional chemical treatment. These often include higher product quality and lower manufacturing cost, less waste, and reduced energy consumption. Key factors driving the market growth include new enzyme technologies endeavoring to enhance cost efficiencies and productivity, and growing interest among consumers in substituting petrochemical products with other organic compounds such as enzymes.Peer reviewe

IDENTIFICATION OF YEAST ISOLATED FROM SOTOL (Dasylirion spp.) NATURAL FERMENTATION

ABSTRACT The fermentation of sotol juice is mainly a process traditionally carried out by indigenous microorganisms, and knowledge about them allows establishing control parameters during the process. The aim of this study was identified several yeast that participated as starter of stool natural fermentation. Specie identification was performed by 18S rDNA sequencing. Two different yeasts were identified, which had similar 18S rDNA sequences. The two sequences correspond to Kluyveromyces marxianus. The yeasts identified in this study are different from those found in the database

Evaluating the Performance of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> 2.2ab in Solid-State Fermentation under Bench-Scale Conditions in a Packed-Tray Bioreactor

Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) offers a valuable process for converting agri-food by-products (AFBP) into high-value metabolites, with Yarrowia lipolytica 2.2ab (Yl2.2ab) showing significant potential under laboratory-scale controlled conditions; however, its assessment in larger-scale bioreactor scenarios is needed. This work evaluates Yl2.2ab’s performance in a bench-scale custom-designed packed-tray bioreactor. Key features of this bioreactor design include a short packing length, a wall-cooling system, and forced aeration, enhancing hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer within the tray. Preliminary studies under both abiotic and biotic conditions assessed Yl2.2ab’s adaptability to extreme temperature variations. The results indicated effective oxygen transport but poor heat transfer within the tray bed, with Yl2.2ab leading to a maximum growth rate of 28.15 mgx gssdb−1 h−1 and maximum production of proteases of 40.10 U gssdb−1 h−1, even when temperatures at the packed-tray outlet were around 49 °C. Hybrid-based modeling, incorporating Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Pseudo-Continuous Simulations (PCSs), elucidated that the forced-aeration system successfully maintained necessary oxygen levels in the bed. However, the low thermal conductivity of AFBP posed challenges for heat transfer. The bioreactor design presents promising avenues for scaling up SSF to valorize AFBP using Yl2.2ab’s extremophilic capabilities

Nutritionally improved pasta with Arthrospira platensis: effect of cooking on antioxidant capacity and pigments content

The functionalizing of staple and economic foods, which means adding health-promoting substances, has been visualized as a solution to reduce the concerning increase in diet-related diseases caused by bad-eating patterns. Microalgae represent an innovative way to solve this problem. Arthrospira platensis, microalgae nutritionally rich in bioactive compounds, has been used to develop hard wheat pasta (semolina) to improve its nutritional value and provide antioxidant properties, but there is scarce information about the effect of adding A. platensis in a soft wheat pasta with egg on these parameters. Given that, this work aimed to assess the effect of adding A. platensis at 1, 5, and 10% in a soft wheat pasta added with egg on the nutritional value. Besides, the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (by FRAP and ABTS), and the spectrophotometric estimation of chlorophylls a + b as well as total carotenoids content were determined after and before cooking. The results showed that adding A. platensis at 5% was enough to increase raw pasta's nutritional value, especially protein by 19.27%, TPC by 3.88%, antioxidant capacity by 48.54%, and 66.09% for ABTS and FRAP respectively, as well as chlorophyll a + b (5.89 mg/100g) and total carotenoids (1.31 mg/100g). After the cooking process losses of 7.40, 16.81 and 0.51% were evidenced for TPC, ABTS and FRAP assays, however, remained 10.63, 62.37 and 70.65% higher than the cooked control. Furthermore, increases of 92.19 and 54.96% for chlorophyll a+b and total carotenoids were evidenced. The addition of A. platensis to pasta represents a way to improve the nutritional value regarding protein content, increase antioxidant capacity, and the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, without statistically significant modifications in the caloric content.Keywords: Antioxidant, Arthrospira platensis, Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, Functional Food, Pasta

Nutritionally improved pasta with Arthrospira platensis: effect of cooking on antioxidant capacity and pigments content

The functionalizing of staple and economic foods, which means adding health-promoting substances, has been visualized as a solution to reduce the concerning increase in diet-related diseases caused by bad-eating patterns. Microalgae represent an innovative way to solve this problem. Arthrospira platensis, microalgae nutritionally rich in bioactive compounds, has been used to develop hard wheat pasta (semolina) to improve its nutritional value and provide antioxidant properties, but there is scarce information about the effect of adding A. platensis in a soft wheat pasta with egg on these parameters. Given that, this work aimed to assess the effect of adding A. platensis at 1, 5, and 10% in a soft wheat pasta added with egg on the nutritional value. Besides, the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (by FRAP and ABTS), and the spectrophotometric estimation of chlorophylls a + b as well as total carotenoids content were determined after and before cooking. The results showed that adding A. platensis at 5% was enough to increase raw pasta's nutritional value, especially protein by 19.27%, TPC by 3.88%, antioxidant capacity by 48.54%, and 66.09% for ABTS and FRAP respectively, as well as chlorophyll a + b (5.89 mg/100g) and total carotenoids (1.31 mg/100g). After the cooking process losses of 7.40, 16.81 and 0.51% were evidenced for TPC, ABTS and FRAP assays, however, remained 10.63, 62.37 and 70.65% higher than the cooked control. Furthermore, increases of 92.19 and 54.96% for chlorophyll a+b and total carotenoids were evidenced. The addition of A. platensis to pasta represents a way to improve the nutritional value regarding protein content, increase antioxidant capacity, and the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, without statistically significant modifications in the caloric content.Keywords: Antioxidant, Arthrospira platensis, Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, Functional Food, Pasta

Improved Extraction of High Value-Added Polyphenols from Pomegranate Peel by Solid-State Fermentation

Pomegranate peel is an important source of polyphenols of remarkable interest in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The improved extraction of total polyphenolic compounds (TPC) from pomegranate peel by solid-state fermentation (SSF) was achieved. The Box, Hunter and Hunter (BHH) followed by the central composite design (CCD) processes were performed to assess the effect of the process variables on TPC release. The statistical designs indicate that the best TPC extraction (234.85 mg GAE/gdm) by means of SSF occurs at 42 °C, 50% moisture, 5.0 pH, mineral solution (g/L): NaNO3 (3.83), KH2PO4 (1.52), MgSO4 (4.66) and KCl (1.52) at 36 h. Under the best fermentation conditions TPC (248.78 ± 1.24 mgGAE/gdm) increased 5.96-fold more than values previously reported and antioxidant activity (AA) increased 5.81-fold compared to the value obtained before the SSF optimization. High-value citric acid, α and β punicalin, α and β punicalagin, punigluconin, galloyl-HHDP hexoside and ellagic acid molecules were identified. The increased extraction of TPC by SSF provides a suitable alternative for the valorization of pomegranate peel through the recovery of molecules with high added value with potential use in the food, pharmacy and cosmetic industries; a diversification in the use of food agroindustry by-products is obtained as an approach to the circular economy model through biotechnological processes

Evaluation of Cooking Quality, Nutritional and Texture Characteristics of Pasta Added with Oat Bran and Apple Flour

This study reports the effect of the addition of oat bran and apple flour on the cooking quality, digestibility, antioxidant, nutritional and texture characteristics of a spaghetti-type pasta. Pasta samples were prepared by substituting 50% of durum wheat semolina with oat bran (OBP) or apple flour (AFP). AFP presented higher cooking loss and water absorption index than the control pasta prepared with 100% durum wheat semolina (WSP). The supplementation of pasta with oat bran increased the total dietary fiber content (16.43% w/w, dw), while apple flour decreased the protein content (11.16% w/w, dw). There was no significant difference in the resistant starch content among all pasta samples. The pasta samples made with 50/50 durum wheat semolina/oat bran and 50/50 durum wheat semolina/apple flour increased the antioxidant activity by &asymp;46% and &asymp;97%, respectively. The OBP and AFP samples had a similar texture to the control pasta. A 50% replacement of durum wheat semolina with oat bran in a pasta formulation decreased the caloric content and digestibility of its starch components. These attributes found in the oat bran pasta and apple flour pasta make them a healthy choice for the diet of people with specific nutritional needs

Elaboration and Characterization of Active Apple Starch Films Incorporated with Ellagic Acid

Apple starch films were obtained from apples harvested at 60, 70, 80 and 90 days after full bloom (DAFB). Mechanical properties and water vapor permeability (WVP) were evaluated. The apple starch films at 70 DAFB presented higher values in the variables of tensile strength (8.12 MPa), elastic modulus (3.10 MPa) and lower values of water vapor permeability (6.77 &#215; 10&#8722;11 g m&#8722;1 s&#8722;1 Pa&#8722;1) than apple starch films from apples harvested at 60, 80 and 90 DAFB. Therefore, these films were chosen to continue the study incorporating ellagic acid (EA). The EA was added at three concentrations [0.02% (FILM-EA0.02%), 0.05% (FILM-EA0.05%) and 0.1% (FILM-EA0.1%) w/w] and compared with the apple starch films without EA (FILM-Control). The films were characterized by their physicochemical, optical, morphological and mechanical properties. Their thermal stability and antioxidant capacity were also evaluated. The FILM-Control and FILM-EA0.02% showed a uniform surface, while FILM-EA0.05% and FILM-EA0.1% showed a rough surface and insoluble EA particles. Compared to FILM-Control, EA modified the values of tensile strength, elasticity modulus and elongation at break. The antioxidant capacity increased as EA concentration did. EA incorporation allowed obtaining films with higher antioxidant capacity, capable of blocking UV light with better mechanical properties than film without EA