68 research outputs found

    Targeting DNA Damage Repair Mechanisms in Pancreas Cancer

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    BRCA1/2; InhibiciĂłn de PARP; Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreĂĄticoBRCA1/2; InhibiciĂł DE PARP; Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreĂ ticBRCA1/2; PARP inhibition; Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaImpaired DNA damage repair (DDR) is increasingly recognised as a hallmark in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is estimated that around 14% of human PDACs harbour mutations in genes involved in DDR, including, amongst others, BRCA1/2, PALB2, ATM, MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1. Recently, DDR intervention by PARP inhibitor therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in germline BRCA1/2-mutated PDAC. Extending this outcome to the significant proportion of human PDACs with somatic or germline mutations in DDR genes beyond BRCA1/2 might be beneficial, but there is a lack of data, and consequently, no clear recommendations are provided in the field. Therefore, an expert panel was invited by the European Society of Digestive Oncology (ESDO) to assess the current knowledge and significance of DDR as a target in PDAC treatment. The aim of this virtual, international expert meeting was to elaborate a set of consensus recommendations on testing, diagnosis and treatment of PDAC patients with alterations in DDR pathways. Ahead of the meeting, experts completed a 27-question survey evaluating the key issues. The final recommendations herein should aid in facilitating clinical practice decisions on the management of DDR-deficient PDAC.This congress paper received no external funding. Additional research funding is declared: L.P. (DFG PE 3337/1-1), A.K. (DFG KL 2544/1-1, 1-2, 5-1, 6-1, 7-1, Baden-WĂŒrttemberg-Foundation ExPoChip, German Cancer Aid 111879, INDIMED-Verbund PancChip, HEIST RTG DFG GRK 2254/1 and Excellence grant Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung), E.M.O. (Cancer Center Support Grant/Core Grant P30 CA008748)

    Definition and diagnostic methods for Barrett’s esophagus

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    L’oesophage de Barrett ou endobrachyoesophage (EBO) est le remplacement de la muqueuse malpighienne de l’oesophage par une mĂ©taplasie glandulaire. Son diagnostic repose sur la combinaison d’une suspicion endoscopique et d’une confirmation histologique. L’EBO est un facteur de risque reconnu de l’adĂ©nocarcinome oesophagien, et il est considĂ©rĂ© comme une condition prĂ©-cancĂ©reuse pouvant Ă©voluer chez certains patients selon une sĂ©quence mĂ©taplasie – dysplasie – cancer. Du fait de son potentiel dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ratif, une surveillance endoscopique est souvent prĂ©conisĂ©e en l’absence de contre-indication Ă  un traitement Ă©ventuel du fait du terrain. Cette surveillance vise Ă  dĂ©pister des lĂ©sions prĂ©-cancĂ©reuses ou cancĂ©reuses prĂ©coces Ă  un stade curable. Dans cette revue gĂ©nĂ©rale, nous rappelons la dĂ©finition de MontrĂ©al, la classification endoscopique de Prague, ainsi que les nouvelles modalitĂ©s endoscopiques de dĂ©pistage et de surveillance de l’EBO.Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic change of the lining of the esophagus characterized by the replacement of normal squamous epithelium by a glandular epithelium. The diagnosis of BE requires both an endoscopic suspicion of esophageal metaplasia (ESEM) and a histological proof of gastric or intestinal metaplasia. BE is an established risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, according to a metaplasia – low dysplasia – adenocarcinoma sequence. Therefore, an endoscopic surveillance is frequently recommended in patients without any contra-indication for potential treatment (e.g. associated life-threatening disorders). This surveillance aims at diagnosing early cancerous lesions at a curable stage. In this review, we focus on the Montreal definition, the Prague endoscopic classification and new endoscopic modalities for screening and surveillance of BE

    Secretory IgA mediates retrotranscytosis of intact gliadin peptides via the transferrin receptor in celiac disease

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    Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy resulting from an abnormal immune response to gluten-derived peptides in genetically susceptible individuals. This immune response is initiated by intestinal transport of intact peptide 31-49 (p31-49) and 33-mer gliadin peptides through an unknown mechanism. We show that the transferrin receptor CD71 is responsible for apical to basal retrotranscytosis of gliadin peptides, a process during which p31-49 and 33-mer peptides are protected from degradation. In patients with active CD, CD71 is overexpressed in the intestinal epithelium and colocalizes with immunoglobulin (Ig) A. Intestinal transport of intact p31-49 and 33-mer peptides was blocked by polymeric and secretory IgA (SIgA) and by soluble CD71 receptors, pointing to a role of SIgA–gliadin complexes in this abnormal intestinal transport. This retrotranscytosis of SIgA–gliadin complexes may promote the entry of harmful gliadin peptides into the intestinal mucosa, thereby triggering an immune response and perpetuating intestinal inflammation. Our findings strongly implicate CD71 in the pathogenesis of CD

    La recherche de la mutation KRAS apporte-t-elle une information fiable pour décider des options thérapeutiques chez les patients ayant un cancer colorectal métastatique ?

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    Contexte : La mutation de KRAS dans les cancers colorectaux (CCR) est un facteur prĂ©dictif de mauvaise rĂ©ponse au traitement par les anti-EGFR. Cependant, tous les patients exempts de cette mutation ne rĂ©pondent pas au traitement, et certains patients ayant une mutation KRAS peuvent y rĂ©pondre. HypothĂšse : Une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de statut KRAS entre tumeur primitive et mĂ©tastases pourrait en partie expliquer l'absence de rĂ©ponse au traitement. Objectif de l'Ă©tude : Comparer le statut KRAS entre les tumeurs primitives et les mĂ©tastases et Ă©tudier la relation entre une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de statut KRAS et la rĂ©ponse au traitement. MĂ©thodes : Chez les 18 patients ayant un CCR mĂ©tastatique inclus dans cette Ă©tude rĂ©trospective, 21 tumeurs primitives, 28 mĂ©tastases et 1 rĂ©cidive locale ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies. Le statut mutationnel KRAS au niveau des tumeurs primitives et des mĂ©tastases a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ© par sĂ©quençage direct. Chez les patients traitĂ©s par anti-EGFR, la rĂ©ponse au traitement a Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©e Ă  l hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du statut KRAS. RĂ©sultats : Chez 12 patients (66,7%), le statut KRAS Ă©tait concordant entre la tumeur primitive et les mĂ©tastases, alors qu'il Ă©tait discordant chez 5 autres patients (27.8%). Une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© intratumorale au sein d'une mĂ©tastase a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©e sur les 6 analysĂ©es. Parmi les 13 patients traitĂ©s par anti-EGFR, 10 (77%) n'ont pas rĂ©pondu au traitement : 4 d'entre eux avaient un statut concordant entre tumeur primitive et mĂ©tastases, 5 avaient un statut discordant, et le dernier Ă©tait inclassable. Les 3 patients (23%) qui ont rĂ©pondu au traitement (rĂ©ponse partielle) avaient un statut concordant de KRAS entre les mĂ©tastases et la tumeur primitive. Conclusion : L'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de statut KRAS entre tumeurs primitives et mĂ©tastases pourrait expliquer en partie la rĂ©sistance au traitement par anti-EGFR. La recherche de la mutation KRAS devrait ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©e sur toutes les cibles tumorales accessibles.NANTES-BU MĂ©decine pharmacie (441092101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Analyse des facteurs cliniques, histologiques et moléculaires impliqués dans la récidive des cancers colorectaux de stade II

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    Introduction : L'Ă©valuation des facteurs de risque de rcĂ©cidive chez des patients suivis pour un cancer colorectal de stade II (CCR) est capitale pour identifier les patients qui pourraient ĂȘtre traitĂ©s par chimiothĂ©rapie adjuvante. Bien que certains de ces facteurs soient bien identifiĂ©s (perforation, stade T, nombre de ganglions analysĂ©s, faible degrĂ© de diffĂ©renciation), de nombreuses Ă©tudes s'intĂ©ressent Ă  trouver d'autres facteurs prĂ©dictifs, encore plus fiables. But : Etudier des facteurs de rĂ©cidive cliniques, histologiques et molĂ©culaires dans une sĂ©rie de patients pris en charge pour un CCR de stade II. MatĂ©riel et MĂ©thodes : Nous avons recueilli rĂ©trospectivement les donnĂ©es cliniques, histologiques de 100 patients pris en charge dans deux centres d'oncologie digestive Ă  Nantes (CHU de Nantes et Institut de CancĂ©rologie de l'Ouest, RenĂ© Gauducheau) entre le 1er aoĂ»t 2001 et le 21 dĂ©cembre 2009 (suivi minimal de 3 ans). Les blocs tumoraux ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©sarchivĂ©s afin d'analyser, prospectivement le statut des microsatellites et la mutation du gĂšne BRAF. RĂ©sultats : Parmi les 100 patients Ă©tudiĂ©s (Ăąge mĂ©dian 70,5 ans {23-96} dont 61 hommes), 18 (18%) ont rĂ©cidivĂ© pendant la pĂ©riode de suivie. Aucun facteur prĂ©dictif histologique ou molĂ©culaire de rĂ©cidive n'a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©, mais la localisation tumorale droite Ă©tait associĂ©e avec une diminution significative de la SSR Ă  3 ans (p=0,048). De plus, la prĂ©sence d'une anĂ©mie ou d'un syndrome rectal rĂ©vĂ©lateur Ă©tait associĂ©e avec une tendance Ă  l'amĂ©lioration de la SSR Ă  3 ans (p= 0,061 et p= 0,052 respectivement). Il n'a pas Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ© d'association entre risque de rĂ©cidive et l'Ăąge, le sexe, la prĂ©sence d'une perforation ou occlusion rĂ©vĂ©latrice, du degrĂ© de diffĂ©renciation, de la prĂ©sence de VELIPI. Conclusion : Les patients pris en charge pour un CCR de stade II ont une meilleure SSR Ă  3 ans lorsque la localisation tumorale est colique droite.NANTES-BU MĂ©decine pharmacie (441092101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Oral proteases: a new approach to managing coeliac disease

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    A life‐long but constraining gluten‐free diet is the only treatment currently available for coeliac disease. The human gastrointestinal tract does not possess the enzymatic equipment to efficiently cleave the gluten‐derived proline‐rich peptides driving the abnormal immune intestinal response in patients with coeliac disease. Oral therapy by exogenous prolylendopeptidases able to digest ingested gluten was therefore propounded as an alternative treatment to the diet. The feasibility of this approach is discussed by reviewing recent data on the intestinal transport of gliadin peptides, properties of available enzymes and preliminary clinical assays. Development of new enzymes or enzymatic cocktails offers potentially more potent therapeutic tools that, however, need meticulous evaluation based on clinical, biological and histological criteria

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    Clinical Management of Patients with Gastric MALT Lymphoma: A Gastroenterologist’s Point of View

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    International audienceGastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas (GML) are non-Hodgkin lymphomas arising from the marginal zone of the lymphoid tissue of the stomach. They are usually induced by chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori); however, H. pylori-negative GML is of increasing incidence. The diagnosis of GML is based on histological examination of gastric biopsies, but the role of upper endoscopy is crucial since it is the first step in the diagnostic process and, with currently available novel endoscopic techniques, may even allow an in vivo diagnosis of GML per se. The treatment of GML, which is usually localized, always includes the eradication of H. pylori, which should be performed even in H. pylori-negative GML. In the case of GML persistence after eradication of the bacteria, low-dose radiotherapy may be proposed, while systemic treatments (immunochemotherapy) should be reserved for very rare disseminated cases. In GML patients, at diagnosis but even after complete remission, special attention must be paid to an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma, especially in the presence of associated gastric precancerous lesions (gastric atrophy and gastric intestinal metaplasia), which requires adequate endoscopic surveillance of these patients
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