Pengaruh Senam Taebo High Impact dan Low Impact terhadap Daya Tahan Otot dan Persentase Lemak Tubuh Ditinjau dari Volume Oksigen Maksimum

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) perbedaan tingkat keefektifan pengaruh senam Taebo high impact dan low impact terhadap daya tahan otot dan persentase lemak tubuh ditinjau dari volume oksigen maksimum, (2) apakah VO2Maks tinggi lebih baik/bagus daripada VO2Maks rendah terhadap peningkatan daya tahan otot dan penurunan persentase lemak tubuh. (3) interaksi yang terjadi antara metode latihan senam taebo high impact dan low impact terhadap daya tahan otot dan persentase lemak tubuh ditinjau dari volume oksigen maksimum. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan rancangan faktorial 2 x 2, menggunakan tes awal dan tes akhir dengan dua kelompok yang diberi perlakuan berbeda. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Prodi Ilmu Keolahragaan, Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta angkatan 2010, 2011 dan 2012. Sampel dalam penelitian berjumlah 20 mahasiswa laki-laki Prodi IKORA FIK UNY angkatan 2010, 2011 dan 2012 dipilih berdasarkan minat terhadap konsentrasi kebugaran jasmani serta minat mereka terhadap aktivitas senam aerobik. Pengumpulan data menggunakan tes dan pengukuran yang dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah multistage fitness test, tes daya tahan otot dengan exercise machine, dan tes lemak tubuh dengan skinfold fat caliper test. Teknik analisis data menggunakan ANAVA dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Uji prasyarat analisis data menggunakan uji normalitas Kolmogorov Smirnov Test dengan taraf signifikansi 5% dan uji homogenitas varians Levene Test dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Terdapat perbedaan peningkatan daya tahan otot antara metode latihan senam taebo high impact dan low impact, terbukti dari nilai p = 0,000 < 0,05. (2) Terdapat perbedaan penurunan persentase lemak tubuh antara metode latihan senam taebo high impact dan low impact, terbukti dari nilai p = 0,000 < 0,05. (3) Terdapat perbedaan antara peserta dengan VO2Maks tinggi dan peserta dengan VO2Maks rendah terhadap peningkatan daya tahan otot, terbukti dari nilai rata-rata kelompok dengan VO2Maks tinggi 5,100 lebih besar dari kelompok dengan VO2Maks rendah sebesar 3,700. (4) Terdapat perbedaan antara peserta dengan VO2Maks tinggi dan peserta dengan VO2Maks rendah terhadap penurunan persentase lemak tubuh, terbukti dari nilai rata-rata kelompok dengan VO2Maks tinggi 4,239 lebih besar dari kelompok dengan VO2Maks rendah sebesar 3,251. (5) Terdapat interaksi antara metode latihan senam taebo high impact dan low impact terhadap daya tahan otot ditinjau dari VO2Maks, terbukti dari nilai p = 0,000 < 0.05. (6) Terdapat interaksi antara metode latihan senam taebo high impact dan low impact terhadap persentase lemak tubuh ditinjau dari VO2Maks, terbukti dari nilai p = 0,000 < 0.05. Dari hasil analisis diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan tingkat efektifitas latihan senam taebo high impact dan low impact terhadap daya tahan otot dan persentase lemak tubuh, taebo high impact memiliki hasil lebih baik dibandingkan dengan taebo low impact, kelompok VO2Maks tinggi memiliki daya tahan otot dan persentase lemak tubuh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelompok VO2Maks rendah, terdapat interaksi yang signifikan antara latihan senam taebo dengan VO2Maks terhadap daya tahan otot dan persentase lemak tubuh

Numerical approaches to flood routing in rivers

Flood routing is commonly used to calculate the shape of the flood hydrograph at the downstream end of a reservoir or a river reach, if the flood hydrograph at the upstream end of the reach is known. The flood routing procedure also enables prediction of the time at which the flood will occur at the downstream station. One of the methods of flood routing which has been widely applied in engineering practice because of its simplicity and accuracy is the Muskingum method. This method is based on the assumption of a linear algebraic relationship between inflow I, outflow Q and storage S in a reach. The equation used is basically and numerically derived from the differential equation of continuity or conservation of mass. As mentioned above, flood routing normally involves the use of an upstream hydrograph to estimate a downstream hydrograph, an example is estimating the flood hydrograph at the downstream end of a river reach. An estimate of the upstream hydrograph from the recorded flood hydrograph at the downstream end is sometimes required. This case is less common, but still significant. For example, it can be needed to fill in missing records using those at a downstream station. This reverse routing equation, mathematically, can be deduced easily from the conventional Muskingum equation, i.e.: re-arranging the Muskingum equation to solve for inflow I given outflow Q. Difficulties often arise, since the process is numerically unstable. This numerical instability can cause the process to diverge from the true solution or oscillations to occur in the calculated upstream hydrograph. In practice, satisfactory upstream hydrographs cannot be obtained. This project is intended to investigate that problem, to determine the cause of the numerical instability and to develop some alternative approaches which can overcome the problem. Several methods of solution were investigated, including an iterative approach combined with a smoothing and averaging algorithms. Results using this method show that the numerical instability can be overcome by selecting an appropriate time step (routing period), which has been shown to depend on the values of the Muskingum model parameters. The solution converges rapidly because of the use of the averaging algorithm, and accurate estimates of the upstream hydrograph are obtained. It can be said that this method has the same order of accuracy as the conventional downstream routing using the Muskingum method

Management of <i>Eleusine indica</i> (L.) Gaertn Resistance to Glyphosate Herbicide in Indonesia

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, commonly known as goosegrass or wiregrass, is a type of grass that is widespread in many parts of the world. The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate is most frequently used in Indonesian oil palm plantations to get rid of weeds and other undesirable plants. However, improper rotation of herbicide types by farmers has led to an increased risk of resistant weed emergence. This investigation tries to validate E. indica’s glyphosate resistance, investigate mutations in the EPSPS gene of the resistant biotype, and determine the type of herbicides that can control E. indica glyphosate-resistant biotypes. The whole plant pot test method was used to measure the resistance level, while DNA sequencing using the PCR method was conducted on all samples to identify mutations in the EPSPS gene of the resistant biotype. The study results showed that all biotypes of E. indica were identified as resistant to glyphosate but susceptible to propaquizafop, ametryn, and sulfentrazone herbicides. Several biotypes, such as the North Sumatra biotype, were identified as having multiple resistances to glyphosate, paraquat, and ammonium glufosinate. Thr102Iso and Pro106Ser amino acid substitutions were found in the EPSPS gene of E. indica-resistant biotypes. The findings of this study showed that E. indica was resistant to paraquat and ammonium glufosinate; further research is required to determine the mechanism