Histopathological changes in the arrector pili muscle of normal appearing skin in leprosy patients

AbstractBackgroundLeprosy is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which affects not only the peripheral nerves and skin, but also various internal viscera through hematogenous spread, especially in lepromatous cases. Histology in its own way plays a vital role, not only in classifying the established lesion, but also in confirming the clinical diagnosis. During the latent period of subclinical involvement, the apparently normal looking skin might also be undergoing some pathological changes.MethodsWe investigated skin biopsy material taken from 60 patients with clinically diagnosed leprosy at Subharti Hospital, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, India. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Harada's modified allochrome method for acid-fast bacilli were applied for histological investigations.ResultsThe pattern of leprosy among the patients was indeterminate in 25 cases (41.7%), tuberculoid in 14 (23.3%), borderline tuberculoid in six (10%), borderline leprosy in four (6.7%), borderline lepromatous in four (6.7%), and lepromatous leprosy in seven (11.7%). Changes were seen in the arrector pili muscle of normal appearing skin in all types of leprosy, but involvement was greater at the lepromatous end of the spectrum compared to the tuberculoid end.ConclusionsResults of this study revealed definitive histological changes in the arrector pili muscle in normal appearing skin. The presence of AFB is significant as far as dissemination and transmission of the disease is concerned

Concurrent variations of median and musculocutaneous nerves and their clinical correlation – a cadaveric study

Variations of median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve and their communicating branches are of interest for anatomists and surgeons. These variations may be vulnerable to damage in surgical procedures. We examined median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve concurrently in 58 cadavers, i.e. 116 superior extremities, and found median nerve innervating muscle of the anterior compartment of arm in the absence of musculocutaneous nerve in 11.2% superior extremities, splitting of median nerve in the arm into median nerve proper and musculocutaneous nerve in 5.12% superior extremities, and communication between median and musculocutaneous nerves in 20.7% superior extremities. Knowledge of such anatomical variations is helpful for surgeons treating neoplasm or repairing trauma

Analysis of position of greater palatine foramen in central Indian adult skulls: a consideration for maxillary nerve block

To anaesthetize posterior part of soft palate for various surgical procedures, knowledge of the position of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) is very important. Blocking of maxillary division of trigeminal nerve or its branches for local anaesthesia is common practice for maxillofacial surgeries. Objective: this study was aimed to determine the morphology of greater palatine foramen in relation to certain fixed points. Methodology: this study was conducted on 86 dry adult Indian skulls. All the measurements were done with vernier caliper accurate to 0.1 mm. Using flexible stainless steel wire direction of opening of GPF into oral cavity was noted. Results: In 73.26% cases, GPF is located opposite third maxillary molar tooth. Mean distance from GPF to the incisive fossa (IF) was found to be 35.9 mm. The mean distance between posterior margins of GPF to posterior border of hard palate was 3.4 mm. The distance between the GPF to the midline maxillary suture was 15.3 mm. In 74.42% cases, direction of opening of GPF was located antero-laterally. Arched palatal vault was found in 66.28% skulls. Conclusion: The location of greater palatine foramen is variable still in most of the cases it is located opposite third molar tooth and is directed antero-later

O OR RI IG GI IN NA Renal artery variations: embryological basis and surgical correlation

Abstract Understanding anatomy of the vascular variations of kidney is essential for the clinician to perform procedures such as renal transplantation, interventional radiological procedures and renal vascular operations more safely and efficiently. In order to facilitate the clinical approaches, we studied renal arterial pattern in 50 formalin-fixed cadavers, on 100 kidneys. We observed prehilar multiple branching patterns in 11 (11.66%) cases, duplication of renal artery in eight (8.33%) cases and superior polar artery in seven (6.66%) cases. In the present study findings discussed with its clinical correlation

Original Article Cheiloscopy: An Aid to Personal Identification in India

ABSTRACT Background: As said "Identification is an individual's birth right". Identification of the individual is based on certain characteristics, which is unique to that individual. Cheiloscopy is the examination of lip prints, the lip prints are permanent and fixed, like fingerprint and palatal rugae, hence it can be used in personal identification. Aim: This study is undertaken to evaluate the uniqueness of lip print for personal identification Methods: The study was carried out on 400 subjects (200 male and 200 female) among the population of India. Lipstick was applied on the lips and print was taken on bond paper, the prints were divided into four quadrants and were analyzed by using magnifying lens and Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification were used to identify the most common type of pattern among Indians for personal identification. Results: Our study shows that the most common type of pattern in Indian race was TYPE III (39%) and in all the quadrants (I, II, III, IV) most dominant pattern was type III in males and type II in females. Conclusion: The present study reveals that, there was no similarity in the lip print pattern of one individual with that of the other individual. The lip print pattern varies between the same age group people as well as among the population of same region