68 research outputs found
Vesicovaginal Fistula at Tertiary Care Center in Eastern Nepal
Vesicovaginal fistula is physically, socially and psychologically devastating to the women who suffer from it. The aim of this study is to create some awareness about VVF, to describe the profile of the patients, etiology, and success rate of surgery in our institute. A retrospective analysis of a total of 23 cases of vesicovaginal fistula admitted to the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, BPKIHS over a period of three years were included in the study. The cause of VVF in all was obstructed labor except in one, which followed abdominal hysterectomy. Twenty-three subjects underwent VVF repair, of which 14 (56.5%) had successful outcome.
JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008 Jul-Sep;47(171):120-122
Determining the Regioregularity in Alkyne Polycarbodiimides and Their Orthogonal Modification of Side Chains To Yield Perfectly Alternating Functional Polymers
To understand the structure–property relationship
in functional
macromolecules through side chain modulation, both the accurate determination
of the position of modifiable groups along the polymer chain and their
subsequent modifications using high fidelity methods are crucial.
In this report, the polymer microstructure of a helical alkyne polycarbodiimide
has directly been probed through <sup>15</sup>N NMR spectroscopy on
isotopic labeled polyÂ(<i>N</i>-(3-ethynylphenyl)-<sup>15</sup><i>N</i>′-hexyl)Âcarbodiimide and found to be a highly
regioregular polymer structure. This polymer undergoes facile and
quantitative CuAAC “click” chemistry, yielding perfectly
alternating functional polymers. Advances have been made through the
synthesis of new optically active alkyne polycarbodiimides with two
independently modifiable pendant groups per repeat unit of polymers.
Orthogonal postmodifications of the pendant groups were then performed
to incorporate two different sets of small molecules in the repeat
unit of polymers in a controlled manner and under mild reaction conditions
using either sequential CuAAC “click” reactions when
two dissimilar alkyne groups are present or a combination of CuAAC
and thiol–ene click chemistries when pendant groups bear alkyne
and vinyl moieties
Developments in synthesis, characterization, and self-assembly of polycarbodiimide systems
A Carbon Nanotube Optical Sensor Reports Nuclear Entry via a Noncanonical Pathway
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are of interest in biomedicine for imaging and molecular sensing applications and as shuttles for various cargos such as chemotherapeutic drugs, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. Carbon nanotube surface chemistry can be modulated for subcellular targeting while preserving photoluminescence for label-free visualization in complex biological environments, making them attractive materials for such studies. The cell nucleus is a potential target for many pathologies including cancer and infectious diseases. Understanding mechanisms of nanomaterial delivery to the nucleus may facilitate diagnostics, drug development, and gene-editing tools. Currently, there are no systematic studies to understand how these nanomaterials gain access to the nucleus. Herein, we developed a carbon nanotube based hybrid material that elucidate a distinct mechanism of nuclear translocation of a nanomaterial in cultured cells. We developed a nuclear-targeted probe via cloaking photoluminescent single-walled carbon nanotubes in a guanidinium-functionalized helical polycarbodiimide. We found that the nuclear entry of the nanotubes was mediated by the import receptor importin β without the aid of importin α and not by the more common importin α/β pathway. Additionally, the nanotube photoluminescence exhibited distinct red-shifting upon entry to the nucleus, potentially functioning as a reporter of the importin β-mediated nuclear transport process. This work delineates a noncanonical mechanism for nanomaterial delivery to the nucleus and provides a reporter for the study of nucleus-related pathologies
Synthesis of Guanidinium Functionalized Polycarbodiimides and Their Antibacterial Activities
A family of guanidinium-side-chain functionalized polycarbodiimides
has been synthesized by allowing an azido guanidinium salt to react
with alkyne polycarbodiimides via the copper catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition
(Click) reaction. <b>Poly-2</b>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) are cationic/amphiphilic polymers in which the global hydrophilic/hydrophobic
balance has been tailored by local alteration of the length of alkyl
side chain in the repeat unit of polymers prior to polymerization.
The shorter alkyl chains yield water-soluble polymers, <b>Poly</b>-<b>2c</b>, -<b>2d</b>, and -<b>2e</b>. Antibacterial
activities of these cationic polycarbodiimides have been investigated
for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that include Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia
coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. It was observed that the influence of hydrophobic–hydrophilic
balance per repeat unit of these polymers have profound effects for
both antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. In addition, these polycarbodiimide-guanidinium-triazole
conjugates offered moderate to significant antibacterial activity
and rapid interaction with red blood cells causing blood precipitation
without significant hemolysis in case of <b>Poly</b>-<b>2</b>(<b>b</b>–<b>e</b>). This latter property has
the potential to be exploited in the polymer coatings or wound protection
Helical Polycarbodiimide Cloaking of Carbon Nanotubes Enables Inter-Nanotube Exciton Energy Transfer Modulation
The
use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as near-infrared
optical probes and sensors require the ability to simultaneously modulate
nanotube fluorescence and functionally derivatize the nanotube surface
using noncovalent methods. We synthesized a small library of polycarbodiimides
to noncovalently encapsulate SWCNTs with a diverse set of functional
coatings, enabling their suspension in aqueous solution. These polymers,
known to adopt helical conformations, exhibited ordered surface coverage
on the nanotubes and allowed systematic modulation of nanotube optical
properties, producing up to 12-fold differences in photoluminescence
efficiency. Polymer cloaking of the fluorescent nanotubes facilitated
the first instance of controllable and reversible internanotube exciton
energy transfer, allowing kinetic measurements of dynamic self-assembly
and disassembly
Helical Polycarbodiimide Cloaking of Carbon Nanotubes Enables Inter-Nanotube Exciton Energy Transfer Modulation
The
use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as near-infrared
optical probes and sensors require the ability to simultaneously modulate
nanotube fluorescence and functionally derivatize the nanotube surface
using noncovalent methods. We synthesized a small library of polycarbodiimides
to noncovalently encapsulate SWCNTs with a diverse set of functional
coatings, enabling their suspension in aqueous solution. These polymers,
known to adopt helical conformations, exhibited ordered surface coverage
on the nanotubes and allowed systematic modulation of nanotube optical
properties, producing up to 12-fold differences in photoluminescence
efficiency. Polymer cloaking of the fluorescent nanotubes facilitated
the first instance of controllable and reversible internanotube exciton
energy transfer, allowing kinetic measurements of dynamic self-assembly
and disassembly
Single-Chirality Near-Infrared Carbon Nanotube Sub-Cellular Imaging and FRET Probes
Applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in bioimaging and biosensing have been limited by difficulties with isolating single-chirality nanotube preparations with desired functionalities. Unique optical properties, such as multiple narrow near-infrared bands and several modes of signal transduction, including solvatochromism and FRET, are ideal for live cell/organism imaging and sensing applications. However, internanotube FRET has not been investigated in biological contexts. We developed single-chirality subcellular SWCNT imaging probes and investigated their internanotube FRET capabilities in live cells. To functionalize SWCNTs, we replaced the surfactant coating of aqueous two-phase extraction-sorted single-chirality nanotubes with helical polycarbodiimide polymers containing different functionalities. We achieved single-chirality SWCNT targeting of different subcellular structures, including the nucleus, to enable multiplexed imaging. We also targeted purified (6,5) and (7,6) chiralities to the same structures and observed internanotube FRET within these organelles. This work portends the use of single-chirality carbon nanotube optical probes for applications in biomedical research
A Carbon Nanotube Optical Sensor Reports Nuclear Entry <i>via</i> a Noncanonical Pathway
Single-walled
carbon nanotubes are of interest in biomedicine for
imaging and molecular sensing applications and as shuttles for various
cargos such as chemotherapeutic drugs, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides.
Carbon nanotube surface chemistry can be modulated for subcellular
targeting while preserving photoluminescence for label-free visualization
in complex biological environments, making them attractive materials
for such studies. The cell nucleus is a potential target for many
pathologies including cancer and infectious diseases. Understanding
mechanisms of nanomaterial delivery to the nucleus may facilitate
diagnostics, drug development, and gene-editing tools. Currently,
there are no systematic studies to understand how these nanomaterials
gain access to the nucleus. Herein, we developed a carbon nanotube
based hybrid material that elucidate a distinct mechanism of nuclear
translocation of a nanomaterial in cultured cells. We developed a
nuclear-targeted probe <i>via</i> cloaking photoluminescent
single-walled carbon nanotubes in a guanidinium-functionalized helical
polycarbodiimide. We found that the nuclear entry of the nanotubes
was mediated by the import receptor importin β without the aid
of importin α and not by the more common importin α/β
pathway. Additionally, the nanotube photoluminescence exhibited distinct
red-shifting upon entry to the nucleus, potentially functioning as
a reporter of the importin β-mediated nuclear transport process.
This work delineates a noncanonical mechanism for nanomaterial delivery
to the nucleus and provides a reporter for the study of nucleus-related
pathologies
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