Corrigendum: Butin H. (2018) Parasitic fungi on leaves of Black Cherry: A contribution to biological plant protection

Der ursprüngliche Artikel wurde unter Autorenschaft von Heinz Butin am 01.12.2018 im Journal für Kulturpflanzen 70 (12) S. 342–347, 2018, ISSN 1867-0911, DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2018.12.02 publiziert. Der Pilz Paecilomyces crassipes Butin wurde als neue Art beschrieben und eingeführt. Dies war nicht konform mit Artikel F.5.1 des International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Turland et al. 2018), denn es fehlte ein Kennungszeichen, das seit dem 1. Januar 2013 obligatorisch ist. Die Art wird nun durch Angabe der unten stehenden MycoBank-Nummer validiert.The original article was published under the authorship of Heinz Butin on 01.12.2018 in Journal für Kulturpflanzen 70 (12) S. 342–347, 2018, ISSN 1867-0911, DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2018.12.02. The fungus Paecilomyces crassipes Butin was described and introduced as a new species. This was not compliant with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants article F.5.1 (Turland et al. 2018), because a registration identifier was lacking, which is compulsory since 1 January 2013. The species is now validated by providing the MycoBank number below

Diplodia tip blight pathogen’s virulence empowered through host switch

Increased drought combined with emerging pathogens poses an increased threat to forest health. This is attributable to the unpredictable behaviour of forest pathosystems, which can favour fungal pathogens over the host under persistent drought stress conditions. Diplodia sapinea (≡ Sphaeropsis sapinea) is one of the most severe pathogens in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) causing Diplodia tip blight (conifer blight) under certain environmental conditions. Recently, the fungus has also been isolated from non-conifer hosts, indicating that it has a broader host range than previously known. In this study we compared the impact of different levels of water availability on necrosis length caused by D. sapinea strains isolated as endophytes (eight strains isolated from asymptomatic Scots pine) and pathogens (five strains isolated from symptomatic Scots pine) and five strains isolated from symptomatic non-pine hosts. For all strains the decreased water availability increased the necrosis length in Scots pine shoots. The isolates from non-pine hosts caused the most severe reactions under all water availabilities. The results of the study indicate the likelihood that effects of climatic changes such as drought will drive D. sapinea damage in Scots pine-dominated forests and increase mortality rates in affected trees. Further, the higher necrosis in the Scots pines caused by strains that had performed a host switch are concerning with regard to future scenarios thus increasing infection pressure on Scots pine from unknown sources

Schadenserhebung, Kartierung und Charakterisierung des „Diplodia-Triebsterbens“ der Kiefer, insbesondere des endophytischen Vorkommens in den klimasensiblen Räumen und Identifikation von den in Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris) vorkommenden Endophyten

Kooperation mit der Nordwestdeutschen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt; Waldklimafonds WAHYKLAS-Projekt (Förderkennzeichen 28W-C-4-031

Sphaeropsis sapinea and fungal endophyte diversity in twigs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Germany

Gefördert im Rahmen des Projekts DEA

The Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea Is the Most Common Fungus in Scots Pines’ Mycobiome, Irrespective of Health Status—A Case Study from Germany

The opportunistic pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea (≡Diplodia sapinea) is one of the most severe pathogens in Scots pine, causing the disease Diplodia tip blight on coniferous tree species. Disease symptoms become visible when trees are weakened by stress. Sphaeropsis sapinea has an endophytic mode in its lifecycle, making it difficult to detect before disease outbreaks. This study aims to record how S. sapinea accumulates in trees of different health status and, simultaneously, monitor seasonal and age-related fluctuations in the mycobiome. We compared the mycobiome of healthy and diseased Scots pines. Twigs were sampled in June and September 2018, and filamentous fungi were isolated. The mycobiome was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the ITS2 region. A PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that the mycobiome community composition significantly differed between growth years (p < 0.001) and sampling time (p < 0.001) but not between healthy and diseased trees. Sphaeropsis sapinea was the most common endophyte isolated and the second most common in the HTS data. The fungus was highly abundant in symptomless (healthy) trees, presenting in its endophytic mode. Our results highlight the ability of S. sapinea to accumulate unnoticed as an endophyte in healthy trees before the disease breaks out, representing a sudden threat to Scots pines in the future, especially with increasing drought conditions experienced by pines

Low Water Availability Increases Necrosis in Picea abies after Artificial Inoculation with Fungal Root Rot Pathogens Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum

Research Highlights: Dedicated experiments to investigate how disturbances will affect Heterobasidion sp.—Norway spruce pathosystems are important, in order to develop different strategies to limit the spread of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. under the predicted climate change. Here, we report on a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effects of water availability on the infection severity of Heterobasidion parviporum or Heterobasidion annosum, respectively, on Picea abies saplings. Background and Objectives: Changes in climatic conditions and intense logging will continue to promote H. annosum s.l. in conifer forests, increasing annual economic losses. Thus, our aim was to test if disease severity in Norway spruce was greater after infection with H. parviporum or H. annosum in low water availability conditions, compared to seedlings with high water availability. Materials and Methods: We performed inoculation studies of three-year-old saplings in a greenhouse. Saplings were treated as high (+) or low (−) water groups: High water group received double the water amount than the low water group. The necrosis observed after pathogen inoculation was measured and analyzed. Results: The seedling growth was negatively influenced in the lower water group. In addition, the water availability enhanced the necrosis length of H. parviporum in phloem and sapwood (vertical length) in the low water group. H. annosum benefited only in horizontal length in the phloem. Conclusions: Disturbances related to water availability, especially low water conditions, can have negative effects on the tree host and benefit the infection ability of the pathogens in the host

Endophytic community in juvenile Acer pseudoplatanus and pathogenicity of Cryptostroma corticale and other associated fungi under controlled conditions

Abstract The causative agent of sooty bark disease, Cryptostroma corticale , has, for some years, caused increased damage to maples ( Acer spp.) in Germany and throughout Europe. It has been stated that this pathogen can occur latently in Acer . In this study, the composition of endophytic fungi of woody stem tissues of sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) saplings were analysed in order to investigate whether C. corticale is present in young, visually healthy maple trees from natural regeneration. The most abundant taxa of the 30 isolated endophytes were Diaporthe cf. rudis and Petrakia irregularis . An association of five fungal species ( Biscogniauxia mediterranea , Coniochaeta velutina , Gibellulopsis catenata , Neocucurbitaria quercina , Tangerinosporium thalitricola ) with A. pseudoplatanus was reported for the first time. Cryptostroma corticale was not present in the juvenile sycamore stems. Furthermore, its pathogenicity was studied in comparison to other pathogens associated with A. pseudoplatanus , namely Diplodia mutila , Dothiorella sp., Nectria cinnabarina , Neonectria coccinea , Neonectria punicea and Stegonsporium pyriforme . The longest necroses were induced by C. corticale followed by N. coccinea . In a trial with a C. corticale spore suspension sprayed directly on stem bark, the fungus could be re-isolated from woody tissue, however necroses were evoked only when the bark was wounded prior to infection. The results from the experiments presented here function as additional evidence for the ability of C. corticale to establish endophytically within the host and, in particular, for the ability of the fungus to establish a successful infection/entrance through intact bark