Система управления шаговым двигателем на базе Arduino UNO

This article gives information about a control system of a step motor using an Arduino UNO controller. A motor, designed as stated in the article, can be used to carry small loads and be implemented into a robotic complex. Different parts of the system are chosen in order to lower the price, maximize performance and make the system energy efficient. The system itself consists of 4 parts: a step motor, a switched mode supply, an Arduino UNO controller and a Power Driver Shield Kit. All parts are described and basic principles of their connection are explained. The most important point of the article is a functional diagram where it shown how different parts communicate with each other and which protocols are used. In the end, it is pointed out which advantages this system has and what possibilities it gives to the user

Laser-Emissionsspektrometrie für die Partikelanalyse von Prozessgasen bei der Roheisenerzeugung

The industrial use of laser emission spectrometry for particle analysis in gas at overpressure is a metrological challenge due to a reduction of analytical sensitivity caused by a top gas pressure of up to four bar. In the scope of this work it is shown that an increase of the gas pressure affects the electron pressure as well as the electron density due to collison and relaxation processes. Plasma properties are changed which lead to a decrease of line intensity, line broadening and to a decrease of signal-to-backround ratio. Consequently the gas pressure has an impact on the plasma dynamics and must be considered as a relevant parameter for the analysis of gas and particles in gas. Model calculations proof that the observed change of the emission line profil can by described by Stark-Effekt-braodening and Stark-Effekt-shift using a plasma model with core- and shell- specific electron temperatures. Double pulses with interpulse separation in the ns region are used to increase the line intensity of the LIBS spectra and to avoid the impact of overpressure on the emission line profil, thus leading to an enhanced signal-to-backround ratio of the spectral emission lines. Based on the laboratory results a laser set-up for field tests in steel industry was developed and tested on-site for muli-element analysis at different European blast furnaces. Signal-to-background ratio was optimised by double pulse excitation to allow the analysis of low-concentrated cirulting elements in top gas covering a few ppm. Line broadening and spectral shift is in a way reduced which makes a re-profilation of the laser-based set-up due to variations in top gas pressure no longer necessary. A simultaneous and continous on-line monitoring of the circulating elements Na, K, Zn und Pb was demonstrated successfully by performing daily measurements at a maximum duration of up to 10 hours

Laser-Emissionsspektrometrie für die Partikelanalyse von Prozessgasen bei der Roheisenerzeugung

The industrial use of laser emission spectrometry for particle analysis in gas at overpressure is a metrological challenge due to a reduction of analytical sensitivity caused by a top gas pressure of up to four bar. In the scope of this work it is shown that an increase of the gas pressure affects the electron pressure as well as the electron density due to collison and relaxation processes. Plasma properties are changed which lead to a decrease of line intensity, line broadening and to a decrease of signal-to-backround ratio. Consequently the gas pressure has an impact on the plasma dynamics and must be considered as a relevant parameter for the analysis of gas and particles in gas. Model calculations proof that the observed change of the emission line profil can by described by Stark-Effekt-braodening and Stark-Effekt-shift using a plasma model with core- and shell- specific electron temperatures. Double pulses with interpulse separation in the ns region are used to increase the line intensity of the LIBS spectra and to avoid the impact of overpressure on the emission line profil, thus leading to an enhanced signal-to-backround ratio of the spectral emission lines. Based on the laboratory results a laser set-up for field tests in steel industry was developed and tested on-site for muli-element analysis at different European blast furnaces. Signal-to-background ratio was optimised by double pulse excitation to allow the analysis of low-concentrated cirulting elements in top gas covering a few ppm. Line broadening and spectral shift is in a way reduced which makes a re-profilation of the laser-based set-up due to variations in top gas pressure no longer necessary. A simultaneous and continous on-line monitoring of the circulating elements Na, K, Zn und Pb was demonstrated successfully by performing daily measurements at a maximum duration of up to 10 hours

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry : applications for production control and quality assurance in the steel industry

Recent progress in sensitivity and signal processing opened a broad field of application for laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) in the steel making and processing industry. Analyzed substances range from top gas of the blast furnace, via liquid steel up to finished products. This paper gives an overview of R&D activities and first routine industrial applications of LIBS. The continuous knowledge of the otpgas composition yields information about the blast furnace process. An online monitoring method using LIBS is currently under investigation to measure alkali metals, which influence energy and mass flow in the furnace. Direct analysis of liquid steel reduces processing times in secondary metallurgy. By using sensitivity-enhanced LIBS, limits of detection of approximately 10 ìg/g and below were achieved for light and heavy elements in liquid steel. The process control in steel production relies on the results from the chemical analysis of the slag. A prototype of an analytical system was developed using LIBS to analyze slag samples two times faster than with conventional methods. The cleanness of steel is a key issue in the manufacturing of spring steel, thin foils and wires. Microscopic inclusions have to be determined quickly. A scanning microanalysis system based on LIBS was development with measuring frequencies up to 1 kHz and a spatial resolution of < 15 ìm. for the final inspection of the steel grade of pipe fittings, an inspection machine using LIBS was developed and introduced into routine industrial use to detect material mix-ups. More than 500 000 pipe fittings were inspected during the last 20 months

On-line multi-elemental analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) : research fields, industrial applications and future perspectives

Extended knowledge of the interaction mechanisms between pulsed laser radiation and matter as well as methodological and technological progress achieved over the last years have opened new R&D fields and industrial applications for laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS). This paper gives an overview of current LIBS R&D activities focused on industrial applications ranging from quality assurance and process control tasks in steel industry, via speciation analysis by combination of chromatographic separation techniques with LIBS to the fast identification of scrap pieces for material specific recycling in high-throughput sorting lines. The dual use of laser radiation as a contactless processing tool and an analyzing tool to determine the chemical composition of samples without the need of any mechanical or chemical preparation is a promising perspective for LIBS to simplify and to shorten existing process chains