DNA Sequence Alignment Data Set

DNA Sequence Alignment Data Se

Gap Coded Alignment Data Set

Gap Coded Alignment Data Se

Introduction of Non-Native Pollinators Can Lead to Trans-Continental Movement of Bee-Associated Fungi

<div><p>Bees are essential pollinators for many flowering plants, including agriculturally important crops such as apple. As geographic ranges of bees or their host plants change as a result of human activities, we need to identify pathogens that could be transmitted among newly sympatric species to evaluate and anticipate their effects on bee communities. We used PCR screening and DNA sequencing to evaluate exposure to potentially disease-causing microorganisms in a pollinator of apple, the horned mason bee (<i>Osmia cornifrons</i>). We did not detect microsporidia, <i>Wolbachia</i>, or trypanosomes, which are common pathogens of bees, in any of the hundreds of mason bees screened. We did detect both pathogenic and apathogenic (saprophytic) fungal species in the genus <i>Ascosphaera</i> (chalkbrood), an unidentified species of <i>Aspergillus</i> fungus, and a strain of bacteria in the genus <i>Paenibacillus</i> that is probably apathogenic. We detected pathogenic fungal strains in asymptomatic adult bees that therefore may be carriers of disease. We demonstrate that fungi from the genus <i>Ascosphaera</i> have been transported to North America along with the bee from its native range in Japan, and that <i>O</i>. <i>cornifrons</i> is exposed to fungi previously only identified from nests of other related bee species. Further study will be required to quantify pathogenicity and health effects of these different microbial species on <i>O</i>. <i>cornifrons</i> and on closely-related native North American mason bees that may now be exposed to novel pathogens. A global perspective is required for pathogen research as geographic ranges of insects and microorganisms shift due to intentional or accidental introductions.</p></div

Eulaema cingulata alignments

Nexus files with sequence alignments for the seven genes (COI, Cytb, CAD, EF1a, EM8, EM70, EM106) analyzed for Eulaema cingulata

<i>Osmia cornifrons</i>.

<p>A) Mating pair of <i>O</i>. <i>cornifrons</i>; male above female. Photo credit: L. Russo, used with permission. B) Nest box used to provide shelter for mason bee trap nests. C) <i>O</i>. <i>cornifrons</i> nest opened shortly after nest closure; pollen provision masses with small larvae and eggs are visible; note mud partitions separating pollen provision masses. D) <i>O</i>. <i>cornifrons</i> nest opened after all larvae have completed feeding, defecated and spun cocoons (early fall); each cocoon contains one adult, diapausing bee. Nest entrances in figures C and D are to the left.</p

Nest Suitability, Fine-Scale Population Structure and Male-Mediated Dispersal of a Solitary Ground Nesting Bee in an Urban Landscape

<div><p>Bees are the primary pollinators of flowering plants in almost all ecosystems. Worldwide declines in bee populations have raised awareness about the importance of their ecological role in maintaining ecosystem functioning. The naturally strong philopatric behavior that some bee species show can be detrimental to population viability through increased probability of inbreeding. Furthermore, bee populations found in human-altered landscapes, such as urban areas, can experience lower levels of gene flow and effective population sizes, increasing potential for inbreeding depression in wild bee populations. In this study, we investigated the fine-scale population structure of the solitary bee <i>Colletes inaequalis</i> in an urbanized landscape. First, we developed a predictive spatial model to detect suitable nesting habitat for this ground nesting bee and to inform our field search for nests. We genotyped 18 microsatellites in 548 female individuals collected from nest aggregations throughout the study area. Genetic relatedness estimates revealed that genetic similarity among individuals was slightly greater within nest aggregations than among randomly chosen individuals. However, genetic structure among nest aggregations was low (Nei’s G<i>_ST</i> = 0.011). Reconstruction of parental genotypes revealed greater genetic relatedness among females than among males within nest aggregations, suggesting male-mediated dispersal as a potentially important mechanism of population connectivity and inbreeding avoidance. Size of nesting patch was positively correlated with effective population size, but not with other estimators of genetic diversity. We detected a positive trend between geographic distance and genetic differentiation between nest aggregations. Our landscape genetic models suggest that increased urbanization is likely associated with higher levels of inbreeding. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of density and distribution of suitable nesting patches for enhancing bee population abundance and connectivity in human dominated habitats and highlights the critical contribution of landscape genetic studies for enhanced conservation and management of native pollinators.</p></div

Maximum-likelihood estimate of <i>Ascosphaera</i> species based on ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 DNA sequences.

<p>Numbers above nodes represent bootstrap proportions; numbers below nodes represent posterior probabilities. Values below 50% have been removed to enhance readability and interpretation. Sequences from this study are indicated by sample location code and nest number; sequences from dead larvae have an asterisk (*). Colors indicate fungal life history (and possible pathogenicity); red: pathogenic, blue: saprophytic, black: unknown. Circles indicate host family; black circles: found in nests of Megachilidae, gray circles: found in nests of Colletidae, open circles: found in colonies of Apidae. Host and pathogenicity from references [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130560#pone.0130560.ref024" target="_blank">24</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130560#pone.0130560.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130560#pone.0130560.ref031" target="_blank">31</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130560#pone.0130560.ref065" target="_blank">65</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130560#pone.0130560.ref067" target="_blank">67</a>]. <i>Ascosphaera naganensis</i>, a species whose holotype was collected from <i>Osmia cornifrons</i> in its native range in Japan, is indicated by an arrow.</p

Predictive spatial model indicating suitable nesting habitat for <i>Colletes inaequalis</i> in Ithaca study area (NY, USA).

<p>Red indicates suitable nesting habitat predicted by the model. Yellow stars indicate presence of nest aggregations.</p

Lopez-Uribe_Peponapis-Geographic-Information

This excel file contains detailed geographic information for all individuals used in the genetic analysis

Summary statistics on diapaused adult bees from cells of <i>Osmia cornifrons</i> nests collected at one residence (R) and five orchards with organic (O) or conventional (C) management practices.

<p>* Some nests were destroyed when a farm vehicle hit the nesting box.</p><p>Summary statistics on diapaused adult bees from cells of <i>Osmia cornifrons</i> nests collected at one residence (R) and five orchards with organic (O) or conventional (C) management practices.</p