Fear causes tears - Perineal injuries in home birth settings. A Swedish interview study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Perineal injury is a serious complication of vaginal delivery that has a severe impact on the quality of life of healthy women. The prevalence of perineal injuries among women who give birth in hospital has increased over the last decade, while it is lower among women who give birth at home. The aim of this study was to describe the practice of midwives in home birth settings with the focus on the occurrence of perineal injuries.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty midwives who had assisted home births for between one and 29 years were interviewed using an interview guide. The midwives also had experience of working in a hospital delivery ward. All the interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was used.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall theme was "No rushing and tearing about", describing the midwives' focus on the natural process taking its time. The subcategories 1) preparing for the birth; 2) going along with the physiological process; 3) creating a sense of security; 4) the critical moment and 5) midwifery skills illuminate the management of labor as experienced by the midwives when assisting births at home.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Midwives who assist women who give birth at home take many things into account in order to minimize the risk of complications during birth. Protection of the woman's perineum is an act of awareness that is not limited to the actual moment of the pushing phase but starts earlier, along with the communication between the midwife and the woman.</p

OXIDATION OF PLUTONIUM (III) BY SODIUM NITRITE

The reaction velocity constant for the oxidation of Pu(III) by nitrite in HNO/sub 3/ solution containing ferrous sulfanate is given. The reaction rate was found to be measurable by means of spectrophotometry. The data indicate the reaction to be a pseudo first-order reaction in the region of HNO/sub 3/ and nitrite concentration of interest. The reaction velocity constant, expressed as a first-order reaction with respect to Pu, was found for several values of HNO/ sub 3/ and nitrite concentrations. The HNC/sub 3/ reaction velocity constant relationship is given. The oxidation of the ferrous sulfamate--Pu(III Pu(III) solution proceeds successively through the sulfamate, ferrous, and Pu(III) ions. An autocatalytic mechanism is asscciated with the oxidation of both ferrous and Pu ions which obviates the possibility of simple calculations of constants based on nitrite concentration. An empirical relationship between the reaction velociiy constant and the (added) nitrite concentration is given. (auth

Reduction and Stabilization of Plutonium Nitrate in Cation Exchange Feed and Product Solutions

In the conceutration and purification of Pu by cation exchange, the feed solution must be in the plus three valence state, but the nitrate solution from a solvent extraction process contains a high% of Pu/sup 4+/ and a small amount of Pu/sup 6+/. It was desired to find a reducing agent satisfactory for the reduction of Pu/sup 4+/ and Pu/sup 6+/ in Purex product streams and to make these streams suitable as cation exchange feed. The bisulfates met the requirements for speed and completeness of reduction in the feed material. (J.E.D.

Norwegian national survey of hazardous waste in landfills and contaminated ground

In a recent nationwide survey of hazardous waste in landfills and contaminated land in Norway, 2452 sites were registered, and classified in five priority groups for further investigation or remedial action. 61 sites fell in the most urgent priority-1 group, and require immediate attention. The most important sources of hazardous waste were found to be the chemical industry, and metal smelting works. In highly contaminated landfills the types of hazardous waste most frequently registered were heavy metals, solvents, paint and varnish, tar-compounds, PAHs and oils. Oil, solvets, heavy metals and tar compounds were the most frequently found types in severely contaminated ground. The most frequent type of conflict registered was with water-related interests. The standard of engineering of Norwegian landfills was discovered to be very low. )nly 7% had any form of basal liner. Hydrogeological factors were seldom considered when emplacing a landfills capping layer

Fish Oils as a Source of Vitamin D for Growing Chicks

Topics Include Review of Previous Investigations, Part 1: The Biological Assay of Vitamin D in Sardine Oil, Part 2: Sardine Oil as a Source of Vitamin D for Growing, and General Summary of Parts 1 and