A cavity-QED scheme for Heisenberg-limited interferometry

We propose a Ramsey interferometry experiment using an entangled state of N atoms to reach the Heisenberg limit for the estimation of an atomic phase shift if the atom number parity is perfectly determined. In a more realistic situation, due to statistical fluctuations of the atom source and the finite detection efficiency, the parity is unknown. We then achieve about half the Heisenberg limit. The scheme involves an ensemble of circular Rydberg atoms which dispersively interact successively with two initially empty microwave cavities. The scheme does not require very high-Q cavities. An experimental realization with about ten entangled Rydberg atoms is achievable with state of art apparatuses.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure

Nitrogen in the plant

Pdf created from MU Extension webpage, July 2022."Nitrogen in the plant is a very important subject. There is more nitrogen in plants than any other element, with the exception of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen plays an important part in many essential functions and compounds necessary for life. Nitrogen may be found in various parts of the plant in different forms. There is nitrogen in the leaves, grain, plant tissue and roots of plants. Nitrogen may function as part of the plant structure or be involved in the life processes."--Page 1.Reviewed by David Brune (Department of Agricultural Engineering), Daryl Buchholz (Department of Agronomy

Concentration and Separation of Lipids from Renewable Resources

Disclosed are methods that can advantageously utilize the natural consumptive and conversion processes of an aquatic organism culture system to concentrate and separate microbial plant-generated lipids. For instance, an aquatic organism culture can be maintained and/or grown upon an algal biomass. The natural conversion processes of the animals allows for uptake and processing of the components of the algal biomass into animal lipid. The aquatic animal culture can then be easily harvested such that a high percentage of the converted algal-generated lipid can be extracted using a low cost, simple and quick process. The disclosed processes provide an efficient oil production, conversion and recovery system that can be economically scaled up for use in, for example, integrated bioenergy and biodiesel production

Nitrogen in the environment: nitrification

Pdf created from MU Extension webpage, July 2022."Many organisms live in the soil. Some of these are able to change ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) to nitrate nitrogen (NO3-). This process is called nitrification. Nitrification has two steps -- both are carried out by bacteria that live in the soil (Figure 1). Common sources of ammonium in the soil result from decaying plants and organic matter, or ammonium can come from the application of manure or nitrogen fertilizers."--Page 1.Reviewed by David Brune (Department of Agricultural Engineering), Scott C. Killpack and Daryl Buchholz (Department of Agronomy

Nitrogen in the environment: essential plant nutrients

Pdf created from MU Extension webpage, July 2022."Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are among the most basic elements necessary for plant growth. Plants obtain these elements from water and carbon dioxide in the air and soil. Plants also require additional 'mineral elements' that they obtain from the soil for proper growth and development. These mineral elements, together with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, are referred to as essential plant elements or nutrients. They are essential because they are important to plant functions. Plants would not be able to grow, develop and reproduce without them. Although all are not necessarily essential to all plants, all are essential to some."--Page 1.Reviewed by David Brune (Department of Agricultural Engineering), Scott C. Killpack and Daryl Buchholz (Department of Agronomy

Nitrogen in the environment: nitrate poisoning

Pdf created from MU Extension webpage, July 2022."Nitrate (NO-) is a naturally occurring form of nitrogen found in soils. Nitrates result from the biological decay of plants, animals and organic matter. Nitrates in the soil can also result from nitrogen fertilizers and animal manure. Some nitrates in the soil come from the atmosphere through rain or snow. Nitrates are essential to plants for proper growth and development."--Page 1.Reviewed by David Brune (Department of Agricultural Engineering), Scott C. Killpack and Daryl Buchholz (Department of Agronomy

Fertilizer nutrients in dairy manure

Pdf created from MU Extension webpage, July 2022."Many dairy producers fall into one of two categories: (1) They are willing to make high capital and labor outlays to maximize the usage of their dairy wastes for crop production (2) They are willing to minimize the amount of nutrients returned to the land for crop production in exchange for a relatively low-cost and low-labor method of waste disposal. Producers in the first category usually use slurry systems with tanks for waste storage, and tank wagons with injectors to transport and apply the waste. Producers in the second category use lagoons for storage/treatment, and irrigation equipment to transport and apply the waste to their fields. To have value, wastes must be used in a manner that results in a salable product. This publication describes methods of recovering a portion of the plant nutrient value of dairy wastes."--Page 1.Reviewed by David Brune (Department of Agricultural Engineering), Charles D. Fulhage and Donald L. Pfost (Department of Agricultural Engineering

Transportation of fish in bags

Reviewed by Robert A. Pierce II (Extension Fisheries and Wildlife Specialist). Reviewed by David Brune (Professor, Plant Sciences and Technology), L. Swann (Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program, Purdue University)"Fish, shellfish, and plants often are transported in sealed plastic bags containing small quantities of water and pure oxygen. Bag shipment requires placing a prescribed weight of fish in 1.5 to 2 gallons of water in 3 milliliters polyethylene bags, 18 by 32 inches. Excess air is removed from the bag and replaced with pure oxygen. The bag is sealed, placed in an insulated container and finally into a cardboard shipping box and shipped. Bag shipment may be the best choice for the shipper for several reasons. First, very small fish and fry could be damaged by being shipped in large tanks. Second, due to the extreme distances involved, bag shipment may offer economic advantages over standard tank transportation. This fact sheet will focus on transport of fish. With minor modifications the techniques and principals discussed also apply to shellfish."--Page 1.Robert A. Pierce II (Extension Fisheries and Wildlife Specialist), David Brune (Professor, Plant Sciences and Technology), L. Swann (Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Program, Purdue University).Reviewed 4/22Includes bibliographical reference

Best management practices for biosolids land application

Pdf created from MU Extension webpage, July 2022."Biosolids is domestic wastewater sludge that meets standards for use as a fertilizer or soil conditioner. These standards include monitoring requirements, metal limitations, pathogen reduction, vector requirements and best management practices. Applying biosolids to land uses the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potash as fertilizer for growing crops. It is an environmentally sound practice sanctioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Reusing biosolids on crops, pastures and timberland reduces water pollution. It eliminates the environmental risks and costs associated with sludge disposal options, benefiting all Missourians."--Page 1.Reviewed by David Brune (Department of Agricultural Engineering), Ken Arnold (Chief of Land Application, Missouri Department of Natural Resources), John Dunn (Environmental Engineer, Environmental Protection Agency Region VII), Jerry D. Carpenter (Department of Agricultural Engineering