The Value of Don Bradman: Additional Revenue in Australian Ashes Tests

One way to understand the value of sporting ‘superstars’ is to examine the effect they have on match attendances and revenue. Arguably, the most famous sports star in Australia was Sir Donald Bradman, whose batting average has far exceeded that of any cricket players. This paper examines the value of Don Bradman by estimating an empirical model of the effect of Bradman on cricket match attendances for Ashes Test matches in Australia. The attendance effect – of over 7,000 additional people each day on which he batted – is then used to derive an estimate of the effect on revenue. We find that Bradman generated considerable additional revenue, though the range of the estimates is very large. The Australian Cricket Board, as the monopoly supplier of cricket, was able to obtain all the extra proceeds.Consumer economics, Monopoly, Wages and compensation, Professional labour markets and occupations

The value of Don Bradman: additional revenue in Australian Ashes tests

One way to understand the value of sporting ‘superstars’ is to examine the effect they have on match attendances and revenue. Arguably, the most famous sports star in Australia was Sir Donald Bradman, whose batting average has far exceeded that of any cricket players. This paper examines the value of Don Bradman by estimating an empirical model of the effect of Bradman on cricket match attendances for Ashes Test matches in Australia. The attendance effect – of over 7,000 additional people each day on which he batted – is then used to derive an estimate of the effect on revenue. We find that Bradman generated considerable additional revenue, though the range of the estimates is very large. The Australian Cricket Board, as the monopoly supplier of cricket, was able to obtain all the extra proceeds

Enhancing the undergraduate student expereince via fund raising partnerships. An action research project

This project was developed from practitioner action research and considers the impact of integrating fund-raising activities into the formal curriculum with a target group of undergraduate students. The main aim of this project was to evaluate the impact of developing fund-raising activities as an integral aspect at both module and programme level, grounded within practitioner action research. A core component of this aim was to develop value added structures into established modules to support the student experience and student identity. Furthermore the project sought to broaden, develop and strengthen links with the local wider community recognising the value such interactions can bring. Finally the project set out to develop integration opportunities between the students and organisations in order to develop the students’ awareness of workforce options as future professionals. This study is based within one post-1992 Higher Education Institution (HEI) and consisted of three inter-related but distinct phases. The project involved 60 students during phase one building to some 200 students by phase three. The findings suggest fund-raising activities built into the formal curriculum can be a useful medium for promoting student identity whilst providing a ‘value-added’ component to existing programmes of study

Travel times, apparent velocities and amplitudes of body waves

Surface wave studies have shown that the transition region of the upper mantle, Bullen's Region C, is not spread uniformly over some 600 km but contains two relatively thin zones in which the velocity gradient is extremely high. In addition to these transition regions which start at depths near 350 and 650 km, there is another region of high velocity gradient which terminates the lowvelocity zone near 160 km. Theoretical body wave travel time and amplitude calculations for the surface wave model CIT11GB predict two prominent regions of triplication in the travel-time curves between about 15° and 40° for both P and S waves, with large amplitude later arrivals. These large later arivals provide an explanation for the scatter of travel time data in this region, as well as the varied interpretations of the “20° discontinuity.” Travel times, apparent velocities and amplitudes of P waves are calculated for the Earth models of Gutenberg, Lehmann, Jeffreys and Lukk and Nersesov. These quantities are calculated for both P and S waves for model CIT11GB. Although the first arrival travel times are similar for all the models except that of Lukk and Nersesov, the times of the later arrivals differ greatly. The neglect of later arrivals is one reason for the discrepancies among the body wave models and between the surface wave and body wave models. The amplitude calculations take into account both geometric spreading and anelasticity. Geometric spreading produces large variations in the amplitude with distance, and is an extremely sensitive function of the model parameters, providing a potentially powerful tool for studying details of the Earth's structure. The effect of attenuation on the amplitudes varies much less with distance than does the geometric spreading effect. Its main effect is to reduce the amplitude at higher frequencies, particularly for S waves, which may accunt for their observed low frequency character. Data along a profile to the northeast of the Nevada Test Site clearly show a later branch similar to the one predicted for model CIT11GB, beginning at about 12° with very large amplitudes and becoming a first arrival at about 18°. Strong later arrivals occur in the entire distance range of the data shown, Formula. to 21°. Two models are presented which fit these data. They differ only slightly and confirm the existence of discontinuities near 400 and 600 kilometers. A method is described for predicting the effect on travel times of small changes in the Earth structure

Shear Velocities and Elastic Parameters of the Mantle

The recent shear wave travel-time data of Ibrahim and Nuttli (1967) and Doyle and Hales (1967) is reinterpreted to yield a shear-velocity structure that is compatible with Johnson's (1967) compressional-velocity structure. The elastic parameters Φ, K/μ, and σ are calculated as a function of depth. All three parameters increase with depth in the homogeneous regions of the mantle but only Φ increases through the transition regions. Poisson's ratio is apparently less for the close-packed deeper mantle phases than it is for the normal phases of the upper mantle. The theoretical prediction that dμ/dP becomes negative before a phase change is verified by the seismic data

DURATION OF PERSISTENCE OF ONCHOCERCA GIBSONI DNA IN CATTLE BLOODLAMA KEBERADAAN DNA ONCHOCERCA GIBSONI DALAM DARAH SAPI

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini awalnya bertujuan untuk menggunakan metode PCR dan PCR-ELISA untuk DNA 0. gibsoni dalam serum sapi setelah pengobatan sebagai salah satu indikator keberhasilan khemoterapi. Sebagai target DNA untuk PCR adalah tiga untai DNA yang berulang yang terdapat dalam genom 0. gibsoni yaitu 0-87, 0-123 and 0-150. Sensitifitas metoda PCR untuk masing-masing untai DNA adalah 100 pg dalam 0,5 ml serum sapi dari Tasmania. Ketiga metoda PCR ini digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan DNA 0. gibsoni dalam serum sapi sebelum dan sesudah khemoterapi. Tidak ada pita DNA yang nampak pada elektroforesis gel bahkan setelah basil PCR pertama di PCR lagi. Penentuan lamanya waktu keberadaan DNA 0. gibsoni dalam darah sapi,\u27 lima ekor sapi diinjeksikan 200 pg DNA 0. gibsoni melalui vena jugularis dan sampel darah diambil sebelum dan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 dan 30 menit setelah diinjeksikan. PCR dilakukan dengan mernalcai primer dari untai DNA 0-150, Hasil DNA yang diperbanyak dengan PCR hanya mampu mendeteksi keberadaan DNA 0. gibsoni dalam darah sapi sampai 5 menit setelah penyuntikan. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa deteksi DNA 0. gibsoni dalam serum darah sapi dengan PCR-ELISA untuk mengevaluasi obat bukan merupakan pendekatan yang sesuai. Kati kunci: 0. gibsoni, PCR, PCR-ELISA

Challenges in High NA, Polarization, and Photoresists

Optical lithography is being pushed into a regime of extreme-numerical aperture (extreme-NA). The implications of the nonscalar effects of high-NA lithography (above 0.50) have been discussed now for many years1. This paper considers the consequences of imaging at numerical apertures above 0.70 with the oblique imaging angles required for low k1 lithography. A new scaling factor, kNA, is introduced to capture the impact of low k1 imaging combined with extreme- NA optics. Extreme-imaging is defined as k1 and kNA values approach 0.25. Polarization effects combined with resist requirements for extreme-NA are addressed, especially as they relate to 157nm lithography. As these technologies are pursued, careful consideration of optical and resist parameters is needed. Conventional targets for resist index, absorption, diffusion, and reflectivity based on normal incidence imaging may not lead to optimum performance without these considerations. Additionally, methods of local and semi-local mask polarization are discussed using concepts of wire-grid polarizer arrays. Back-side and image-side polarization OPC methods are introduced

Vitamin B12

What is vitamin B12? Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water soluble vitamin required for several physiological processes, including normal nervous system functioning, and red blood cell development and maturation. It has antioxidant effects, is a co-factor in mitochondrial energy metabolism, and contributes to DNA synthesis, the methylation cycle, and epigenetic regulation. 1 2 B12 is present in foods of animal origin, such as meat, eggs, and milk, or via food fortification. Healthy adults require an average intake of 4-7 mcg daily to maintain B12 status. 3 4 Indications for B12 treatment, administration routes, and preparations Treatment with B12 may be required for a variety of reasons (table 1).</p