The Role and Expression of TFEB in Contracting Skeletal Muscle Myotubes

The maintenance of the mitochondrial pool is essential for the beneficial effects that are seen following an acute bout of contractile activity. Mitochondrial quality control consists of two pathways, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial autophagy, termed mitophagy. However, the mechanisms and activation of mitophagy in skeletal muscle remain generally elusive. Specifically, we are interested in mitophagy that occurs during or immediately following exercise in skeletal muscle. Recently, transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been identified as a key player as the master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis. To identify the unknown role that TFEB plays in mitophagy, we utilized a cell culture model of skeletal muscle myotubes. We examined the transcription and activation of TFEB and its downstream targets following acute exercise and recovery and following chronic exercise. We found that TFEB is activated following exercise and that it plays an important role in the transcription of mitophagy genes

A survey of stroke nurses’ knowledge of secondary prevention lifestyle issues

Nurses have an important role to play in providing information and advice on lifestyle risk factors for recurrent stroke. However, patients report receiving little or no lifestyle information. Aim: This study aimed to explore stroke nurses' knowledge and practice in relation to the provision of secondary prevention lifestyle information following stroke. Design: Cross-sectional survey methods were used. Participants were members of the Scottish Stroke Nurse Forum (n=97). Methods: A self-completed questionnaire was used to collect the data, with descriptive statistics summarizing the results. Results: Respondents stated that they assessed lifestyle risk factors following stroke; however, they focused on some but not all risk factors. While written and verbal information and advice was provided, knowledge of guidelines and health-related recommendations was limited. Conclusions: Stroke nurses require improved access to continuing professional development with regard to secondary prevention of stroke. They also require easy access to information resources which support evidence-based practice. </jats:p

The Relationship Between Low Family Income and Psychological Disturbance in Young Children: An Australian Longitudinal Study

Objective This study examines the relationship between low family income (LFI) experienced at different points in time, chronic low income status and its impact on child behaviour measured at 5 years of age. Method Longitudinal data from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy were used to measure LFI in families at three points in time (the antenatal period, 6 months post birth and at 5 years of age). Outcome variables were three independent groups of behaviour problems labelled as externalising, social, attentional and thought (SAT) problems, and internalising problems. These groups were developed from the Child Behaviour Checklist. An analysis based on logistic regression modelling was carried out examining the relationship between LFI and a range of intermediate variables known to be associated with child behaviour problems. Results The more often families experienced low income, the higher the rate of child behaviour problems at age 5. Low family income was still independently associated with SAT behaviour problems after controlling for smoking in the first trimester, parenting styles, maternal depression and marital disharmony at age 5. The association between LFI and internalising and externalising behaviour problems was largely mediated by maternal depression. Conclusion Low family income is a significant factor in the aetiology of a variety of child behaviour problems. The mechanisms involved in the link between LFI and childhood internalising and externalising behaviours involve the exposure of the children to maternal depression. However, the relationship between LFI and SAT behaviour problems remains to be elucidated

Principles Of Heliophysics: a textbook on the universal processes behind planetary habitability

This textbook gives a perspective of heliophysics in a way that emphasizes universal processes from a perspective that draws attention to what provides Earth (and similar (exo-)planets) with a relatively stable setting in which life as we know it can thrive. The book is intended for students in physical sciences in later years of their university training and for beginning graduate students in fields of solar, stellar, (exo-)planetary, and planetary-system sciences.Comment: 419 pages, 119 figures, and 200 "activities" in the form of problems, exercises, explorations, literature readings, and "what if" challenge

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

Reforming figures : biblical interpretation and literature in early modern England

This thesis considers how Protestants read the Bible, understood the Old and New Testaments, and how this impacted upon early modern literary production. In particular, it explores the way in which individual biblical figures and particular biblical texts became enmeshed with specific political and cultural concerns and enveloped into the period's writings. As part of this, it probes the uneasy relationship between the reformed commitment to a literalist hermeneutic and the reality of their interpretative methodologies. Considering the use of exegetical practices, including typology, the thesis contends that reformed 'literalism' is more capacious, and indeed figural, than it claims to be. Structured around individual biblical books and figures, the thesis presses these considerations across a variety of early modern writers and genres. Chapters one and two look at the biblical figures of Solomon and Job, exploring how they are read in relation to ideas of kingship and suffering and symbolically represented in image, print and on stage. The third chapter considers how the reformers' alternative 'literal' reading of the Song of Songs both shapes and destabilises the contemporary poetry that engages with this biblical text. The final two chapters shift discussion to the New Testament. The penultimate chapter explores how a typological understanding ofMary facilitates re-readings of motherhood in writing by women. Discussion concludes with a consideration of the end-point of typological history, apocalypse, tracing how the idea of revelation is contested on the early modern stage. Demonstrating how Protestant interpretative practices both contribute to, and problematise, literary constructions of a range of contemporary debates, this thesis offers a reassessment of the interaction between early modern literature and the Bible.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Streams, Flows and Torrents

RTFM (RFCs 2720-2724) considers network tra#c as being made up of bidirectional flows, which are arbitrary groupings of packets defined only by attributes of their end-points. This paper extends RTFM&apos;s view of tra#c by adding two further concepts, streams and torrents. Streams are individual IP sessions (e.g. TCP or UDP) between ports on pairs of hosts, while a torrent refers to all tra#c on a link. We present stream measurement work using a meter located at UCSD (University of California, San Diego) to measure response times for DNS requests to the global root and gTLD nameservers. This example shows how to configure NeTraMet to collect flow data for stream-based flow metrics, and demonstrates the usefulness of global DNS response plots for network operations