A spatio-temporal entropy-based approach for the analysis of cyber attacks (demo paper)

Computer networks are ubiquitous systems growing exponentially with a predicted 50 billion devices connected by 2050. This dramatically increases the potential attack surface of Internet networks. A key issue in cyber defense is to detect, categorize and identify these attacks, the way they are propagated and their potential impacts on the systems affected. The research presented in this paper models cyber attacks at large by considering the Internet as a complex system in which attacks are propagated over a network. We model an attack as a path from a source to a target, and where each attack is categorized according to its intention. We setup an experimental testbed with the concept of honeypot that evaluates the spatiotemporal distribution of these Internet attacks. The preliminary results show a series of patterns in space and time that illustrate the potential of the approach, and how cyber attacks can be categorized according to the concept and measure of entropy

Hearing Characteristics and Doppler Shift Compensation in South Indian CF-FM Bats

1. Echolocation pulses, Doppler shift compensation behaviour under laboratory conditions and frequency response characteristics of hearing were recorded inRhinolophus rouxi, Hipposideros speoris andHipposideros bicolor. 2. The frequencies of the constant frequency portions of the CF-FM pulses lie at about 82.8 kHz forR. rouxi from Mahabaleshwar, at 85.2 kHz forR. rouxi from Mysore. Hipposiderid bats have considerably higher frequencies at 135 kHz inH. speoris and 154.5 kHz inH. bicolor. The mean sound durations were 50 ms, 6.4 ms and 4.7 ms, respectively. 3. R. rouxi compensates for Doppler shifts in a range up to typically 4 kHz of positive Doppler shifts (Fig. 2). The Doppler shift compensation behaviour is almost identical to that ofR. ferrumequinum. 4. H. speoris andH. bicolor do not compensate for Doppler shifts under laboratory conditions. Doppler shifts in the echoes induce emission frequency changes which are not correlated to the presented Doppler shifts (Fig. 3). 5. The frequency response characteristics of hearing ofR. rouxi show characteristic sensitivity changes near the bat's reference frequency as also found inR. ferrumequinum. The threshold differences between the low threshold at the reference frequency and a few hundred Hz below are 40 to 50 dB in awake bats (Fig. 5). 6. Frequency sensitivity changes near the emitted CF-frequency of the bats are less pronounced inH. speoris or almost absent inH. bicolor

A taxonomy of network threats and the effect of current datasets on intrusion detection systems

As the world moves towards being increasingly dependent on computers and automation, building secure applications, systems and networks are some of the main challenges faced in the current decade. The number of threats that individuals and businesses face is rising exponentially due to the increasing complexity of networks and services of modern networks. To alleviate the impact of these threats, researchers have proposed numerous solutions for anomaly detection; however, current tools often fail to adapt to ever-changing architectures, associated threats and zero-day attacks. This manuscript aims to pinpoint research gaps and shortcomings of current datasets, their impact on building Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) and the growing number of sophisticated threats. To this end, this manuscript provides researchers with two key pieces of information; a survey of prominent datasets, analyzing their use and impact on the development of the past decade's Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and a taxonomy of network threats and associated tools to carry out these attacks. The manuscript highlights that current IDS research covers only 33.3% of our threat taxonomy. Current datasets demonstrate a clear lack of real-network threats, attack representation and include a large number of deprecated threats, which together limit the detection accuracy of current machine learning IDS approaches. The unique combination of the taxonomy and the analysis of the datasets provided in this manuscript aims to improve the creation of datasets and the collection of real-world data. As a result, this will improve the efficiency of the next generation IDS and reflect network threats more accurately within new datasets

Installations de recherche nécessaires pour parfaire les mesures de polluants en faibles concentrations et suivre leur évolution

Le présent rapport traite de la nature des ressources nécessaires aux stations pilotes (avec un certain nombre d'exemples) et des avantages que présenterait le travail de ces stations pilotes en association, sous une forme qui reste à déterminer

Particulate mercury in the atmosphere: Its significance, transport, transformation and sources

The importance of particulate mercury (Hg(p)) in the transport, chemistry and deposition of this toxic metal has long been underestimated and largely ignored. While it was once believed to constitute a small percentage of total atmospheric mercury, Hg(p) may contribute a significant portion of the deposition of this metal to adjacent natural waters. Recent measurements of Hg(p) in several urban/industrial areas have documented that Hg can be associated with large particles (>2.5 μm) and in concentrations similar to those of the vapor phase Hg (ng/m 3 ). As part of ongoing effort to diagnose the sources, transport and deposition of Hg to the Great Lakes and other Great Waters, the University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory (UMAQL) has investigated the physical and chemical properties of particulate-phase Hg in both urban and rural locations. It appears that particulate Hg may be the one of the most difficult of the Hg measurements to perform, and perhaps the one of the most important for deposition and source apportionment studies. Particulate Hg concentrations measured in rural areas of the Great Lakes Region and Vermont ranged from 1 to 86 pg/m 3 whereas Hg(p) levels in urban/industrialized areas were in the range 15 pg/m 3 to 1.2 ng/m 3 .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43909/1/11270_2005_Article_BF01189664.pd

Where Snow is a Landmark: Route Direction Elements in Alpine Contexts

Route directions research has mostly focused on urban space so far, highlighting human concepts of street networks based on a range of recurring elements such as route segments, decision points, landmarks and actions. We explored the way route directions reflect the features of space and activity in the context of mountaineering. Alpine route directions are only rarely segmented through decision points related to reorientation; instead, segmentation is based on changing topography. Segments are described with various degrees of detail, depending on difficulty. For landmark description, direction givers refer to properties such as type of surface, dimension, colour of landscape features; terrain properties (such as snow) can also serve as landmarks. Action descriptions reflect the geometrical conceptualization of landscape features and dimensionality of space. Further, they are very rich in the semantics of manner of motion