Sir John McKenzie and the origins and growth of the Department of Agriculture, 1891-1900 : thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University

Although two theses have examined John McKenzie's activities as Minister of Lands in a fairly detailed way, they have virtually ignored his actions as Minister of Agriculture. This one-sided concentration has meant that we know very little about McKenzie's achievements as Minister of Agriculture, even though they were of equal importance in the short term and have proven to be more important in the long term. Agricultural legislation passed by John McKenzie was as creative as his land laws and made up of many more statutes. This proliferation of laws relating to agricultural matters was largerly explained by the fact that major problems were covered by separate statutes, whereas McKenzie and acts and W.P. Reeves' labour laws were concentrated in one or two massive acts, which were extraordinarily comprehensive. Nevertheless, the agricultural laws passed by John McKenzie were on a similar scale to his land acts and to the labour legislation of Reeves, in terms of legislative output, legislative energy and powers created for the government. Furthermore, the administration of the Department of Agriculture affected nearly as many people as did the running of the Department of Lands and Survey. Today, much of the agricultural legislation introduced and passed by John McKenzie still has a direct effect on our lives, both in the city and on the farm. Town milk supply continues to be examined by employees of the Department of Agriculture; cowsheds are still regularly inspected by government officials; sheep are dipped within certain time limits, as they were in the 1890's; and slaughtering has been carried out in licensed abbatoirs under the supervision of government inspectors ever since 1900. On the other hand, lease in perpetuity is now obsolete and only of interest in school text books and learned journals. Obviously, than, a study of John McKenzie's actions as Minister Of Agriculture is long overdue. The urgent need for such an investigation and the stringent word limits placed upon the exercise, has meant that the thesis is almost exclusively concerned with John McKenzie as Minister of Agriculture. It only looks at his work as Minister of Lands in a general way an an attempt to explain the formulation of his agricultural policies and the development of his distinctive ministerial style. The thesis concentrates on the period 1891-1900 when John McKonzic held ministerial office, but research was begun from around 1878 when the first Sheep Act to be passed by the central government was introduced. This work on earlier developments has proven to be valuable, for it has clearly shown that John McKenzie was not an innovator but rather a consolidator. The thesis also moves into some tentative speculation after 1900, in an attempt to assess the political implications of John Mckenzie's agricultural policies. [From Preface

Teaching Note on Indigenous Peoples and the Land

During my Head & Head Fellowship journey, I was tasked with creating a Teaching Note on the legal aspects of Indigenous land, which primarily discusses how centuries of colonialism has influenced the way that Indigenous land is treated in Canada and by extension what could be done to reconcile with these past injustices. This presentation shall not only touch upon the project itself, but also many other aspects of my journey that had to be addressed when discussing an issue that is often overlooked in modern Canadian society. For example, the concept of respect, responsibility, and relevance when discussing an issue as sensitive as this one

Auswanderung und Entdeckung: Kulturelles Trauma polnischer Flüchtlingskinder in der zeitgenössischen asiatisch-australischen Literatur

This paper focuses primarily on the experiences of Polish child refugees in World War 2, some of whom were relocated to New Zealand. In 1944, the New Zealand government accepted 733 Polish refugee children who had survived deportation to the Soviet Union labour camps in Siberia before reaching Red Cross camps in Iran. For these Polish children, arrival in New Zealand, the southernmost colonial outpost of Britain, was a challenging and bewildering process. While many refugee narratives have been produced as a consequence of World War 2, few, if any, document the journeys undertaken by families who were evicted from their Polish homeland and deported to Russia, before being relocated to countries such as New Zealand. Displacement on such a scale underscores the depth of cultural trauma and its manifestations in the selected texts. This paper suggests that the mode of historical representation in the texts constructs a timely pathway for further exploration of transnational literature, signalling how texts can extend beyond national boundaries, and foreground interactions between cultures. The paper probes how children’s literature that depicts the experiences of Polish child refugees situates itself within a discourse of cultural trauma.Rad se ponajprije usredotočava na iskustva djece izbjeglica iz Poljske u Drugome svjetskome ratu prikazana u dječjoj književnosti. Neka od njih preseljena su na Novi Zeland. Vlada Novoga Zelanda prihvatila je 1944. godine 733 djece izbjeglica iz Poljske koja su preživjela deportaciju u radne logore Sovjetskoga Saveza u Sibiru, prije negoli su dospjela u kampove Crvenoga križa u Iranu. Za ovu poljsku djecu dolazak u Novi Zeland, najjužniju britansku koloniju, bilo je izazovno i zbunjujuće iskustvo. Iako je Drugi svjetski rat iznjedrio velik broj izbjegličkih pripovijedi, malo je, međutim, onih koje dokumentiraju putovanja obitelji protjeranih iz rodne Poljske i deportiranih u Rusiju, odakle ih se selilo u države poput Novoga Zelanda. Ovakav razmjer iseljavanja ukazuje na dubinu kulturne traume i njezine manifestacije u analiziranim književnim tekstovima. Rad sugerira da način povijesnoga prikaza zabilježen u analiziranim pripovijedima naznačuje prikladan put za daljnja istraživanja transnacionalne književnosti, upućujući na mogućnost književnosti da nadilazi nacionalne granice te da interakcije među kulturama postavi u prvi plan. Rad propituje na koji se način dječja književnost koja prikazuje iskustva djece izbjeglica iz Poljske pozicionira unutar diskursa o kulturnoj traumi.Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags stehen die in einigen kinder- und jugendliterarischen Werken verarbeiteten Erfahrungen der polnischen Flüchtlingskinder aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, die nach Neuseeland übersiedelt wurden. Die neuseeländische Regierung nahm 1944 733 polnische, die Deportation in die sibirischen Arbeitslager überlebende Flüchtlingskinder auf, bevor sie in den Rotes-Kreuz-Lagern in Iran untergebracht wurden. Für die polnischen Kinder war der Aufenthalt in Neuseeland, dieser südlichsten britischen Kolonie, sowohl eine Herausforderung als auch eine verwirrende Erfahrung. Obwohl aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg eine Vielzahl von Flüchtlingserzählungen hervorgegangen ist, ist die Zahl derer gering, in denen die Reise der aus dem heimischen Polen vertriebenen und nach Russland deportierten, bzw. von da aus nach Neuseeland übersiedelten Familien dokumentiert wird. Das Ausmaß der Reise weist in den analysierten literarischen Texten auf die Tiefe des kulturellen Traumas und dessen Erscheinungsformen hin. Im Beitrag wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die in den analysierten Texten festgestellten historischen Darstellungsweisen den Weg für weitere Erforschung im Bereich der transnationalen Literatur eröffnen, weil darin die nationalen Grenzen als überwunden erscheinen und die Interaktion zwischen den Kulturen in den Vordergrund rückt. Im Beitrag wird ferner die Position der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur, welche die Erfahrungen der polnischen Flüchtlingskinder verarbeitet, im Rahmen des Diskurses über kulturelle Traumata erforscht

Characterization of exosomes

PosterExosomes are nano-vesicles secreted by cells. They are found in extracellular space and all body fluids. This poster describes the methods for the isolation and characterization of the exosomes and my plans for future research

Western Influences on Theological Education in the Developing World With Case Studies in Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka

There are several thousand Christian theological institutions in the developing world with enrolments of up to a million students. These denominational and inter-denominational institutions educate Christian pastors and leaders in academic programs from diploma to doctoral level. These institutions have relationships with organisations from their own nation or region but also many have multiple relationships with Western organisations. These Western institutions have roles that may include: founding, owning, accrediting, and funding the theological institutions in the developing world. Major changes have occurred in institutional understanding in both the West and the developing world in the post-colonial era and so the nature of these relationships warrants investigation. The researcher explored three questions about the way organisations relate within theological education. The study aimed to determine what Western influences, if any, exist and the possible nature of those influences. These questions were used to examine the theological colleges in the two case study countries of Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka. In the first chapter the researcher’s concern for international institutional relationships within the field of theological education were considered from a theological perspective. A number of theological ideals underpin the first question relating to mutuality in international relationships. The second chapter considers the socio-political influences upon these international relationships. These influences are derived from an historical and literary review. Two stages of field research were undertaken. The first stage was a questionnaire with a follow up focus group at an international meeting of theological institution leaders. The results from the first stage of field research provided the elements for the third question which focussed on the practical issues that impact the international institutional relationships of the theological colleges studied. In the second stage of the field research interviews were conducted with leaders from various theological college leaders in Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka to explore their college’s relationships with Western organisations. The results indicate a range of ongoing Western influences on theological education in the developing world including the role of a theological college’s founding body, the need for pathways to educate faculty in higher degrees, and whether the college is part of an hierarchical international system such as the Roman Catholic theological system

Why Bother Trying to Write a Slightly Different Kind of Political Biography? A Portrait of Sir John McKenzie (1838-1901)

Sir John McKenzie (1838-1901) was a highly influential Minister of Lands from 1891 to 1900 who promulgated the cause of the small settler landholder and initiated legislation to break up the larger estates. In his youth he had witnessed the misery caused by the Highland landlords evicting their tenants, before his emigration to Dunedin in 1860. In this article Tom Brooking gives a preview of his forthcoming somewhat unusual political biography

The journey of Pūao-te-Ata-tū : what did we learn? : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Work in Social Work at Massey University, Manawatu, Aotearoa New Zealand

“Pūao-te-Ata-tū The heralding of a New Dawn”, How could a simple policy document sustain so much mana over a thirty year period of time? Being a new, young Māori social work practitioner in the late 1990s was an influential time for the researcher, and there was an on-going relevance and significance of this policy document Pūao-te-Ata-tū that was difficult to explain. It would seem that Māori were still a predominant feature in the clientele for the welfare system, yet this document pledged to address the inconsistencies in policy and practice to address those very unbalanced statistics. Pūao-te-Ata-tū was published thirty years ago – how much did it change practice in Child, Youth and Family, did it lead to the changes expected? Apart from working through policy, literature and legislation another approach was to go back to those involved with the Ministerial review committee at the time and seek their views on what their expectations were then and what their reflections are now. The findings of this thesis highlighted a clear factor that Pūao-te-Ata-tū was much more than just a policy document, it was an approach that has never been replicated but its authenticity as a voice for the people was immeasurable. There was also significance in the period in which this review took place; the social climate in Aotearoa New Zealand at the time was changing. These changing times were driven by dynamic people who took risks and approach things in an unconventional fashion. As fluid and free as change may have seemed at the time our findings were that overall change will only occur if the political powers in place support that change wholeheartedly. Pūao-te-Ata-tū although not successful in its full entirety, it may not have yet exposed its full potential; there is capacity within its powerful doctrine that its best is still to come

“My Zeal for the Real Happiness of Both Great Britain and the Colonies”: The Conflicting Imperial Career of Sir James Wright

This dissertation examines the life and conflicted career of Sir James Wright (1716-1785), in an effort to better understand the complex struggle for power in both colonial Georgia and eighteenth-century British Empire. Specifically, this project will highlight the contest for autonomy between four groups: Britains and Georgians (core-periphery), lowcountry and backcountry residents, whites and Natives, and Rebels and Loyalists. An English-born grandson of Chief Justice Sir Robert Wright, James Wright was raised in Charleston, South Carolina following his father’s appointment as that colony’s chief justice. Young James served South Carolina in a number of capacities, public and ecclesiastical, prior to his admittance to London’s Gray’s Inn in London. Most notably, he was selected as their attorney general and colonial agent prior to his appointment as governor of Georgia in 1761. Wright collected more than public offices in his endless quest for respect and social advancement. He also possessed a voracious appetite for land and became colonial Georgia’s largest landowner, accumulating nearly 26,000 acres, worked by no less than 525 slaves. As governor, he guided Georgia through a period of intense and steady economic and territorial growth. By the time of the American Revolution, Georgia had become fully integrated into the greater transatlantic mercantilist economy, resembling South Carolina and any number of Britain’s Caribbean colonies. Moreover, Governor Wright maintained royal authority in Georgia longer and more effectively than any of his North American counterparts. Although several factors contributed to his success in delaying the seemingly inexorable revolutionary tide, his patience and keen political mind proved the deciding factor. He was the only of Britain’s thirteen colonies to enforce the Stamp Act of 1765 and managed to stay a step or two ahead of Georgia’s Sons of Liberty until the winter of 1775-1776. In short, Sir James Wright lived a transatlantic life, taking advantage of every imperial opportunity afforded him. He earned numerous important government positions and amassed an incredible fortune, totaling over £100,000 sterling. His long imperial career delicately balanced dual loyalties to Crown and colony and offers important and unique insights into a number of important historiographic fields

ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72

This study evaluates the military history and practice of the Roman Empire in the context of contemporary counterinsurgency theory. It purports that the majority of Rome’s security challenges fulfill the criteria of insurgency, and that Rome’s responses demonstrate counterinsurgency proficiency. These assertions are proven by means of an extensive investigation of the grand strategic, military, and cultural aspects of the Roman state. Fourteen instances of likely insurgency are identified and examined, permitting the application of broad theoretical precepts to episodes spanning 300 years of Roman power. In summary, Rome demonstrates remarkable counterinsurgent sophistication, suggesting far more savvy and doctrinal agility than is afforded the Roman Empire by most modern observers