Numerical Estimation of Wiebe Function Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks in SI Engine

[EN] In modeling an Internal Combustion Engine, the combustion sub-model plays a critical role in the overall simulation of the engine as it provides the Mass Fraction Burned (MFB). Analytically, the Heat Release Rate (HRR) can be obtained using the Wiebe function, which is nothing more than a mathematical formulation of the MFB. The mentioned function depends on the following four parameters: efficiency parameter, shape factor, crankshaft angle, and duration of the combustion. In this way, the Wiebe function can be adjusted to experimentally measured values of the mass fraction burned at various operating points using a least-squares regression, and thus obtaining specific values for the unknown parameters. Nevertheless, the main drawback of this approach is the requirement of testing the engine at a given engine load/speed condition. Furthermore, the main objective of this study is to propose a predictive model of the Wiebe parameters for any operating point of the tested SI engine. For this purpose, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is developed from the experimental data. A criterion was defined to choose the best-trained network. Finally, the Wiebe parameters are estimated with the neural networks for different operating conditions. Moreover, the mass fractions burned generated from the Wiebe functions are compared with the respective experimental values from several operating points measured in the engine test bench. Small differences were found between the estimated and experimental mass fractions burned. Therefore, the effectiveness of the developed ANN model as a prediction tool for the engine MFB is verified.Torregrosa, AJ.; Broatch, A.; Olmeda, P.; Aceros, S. (2021). Numerical Estimation of Wiebe Function Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks in SI Engine. SAE International. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-037911

Numerical analysis of combustion noise in an atmospheric swirl-stabilized LDI burner through modal decomposition techniques

[EN] Combustion noise in gas turbine engines has recently become a relevant source of noise in the aircraft due to the appearance of new burner architectures that are intrinsically more unstable, and the optimization of other conventional noise sources in this mean of transport (e.g., jet, fan, airframe). In this work, a simulation setup for reactive conditions was prepared in the CONVERGE finite-volume package using the detailed chemistry SAGE solver to model the combustion of a benchmark case, which was solved using a LES approach with three different cell base sizes: 8,10,12 mm. A confined liquid-fueled swirl-stabilized burner located at the CORIA Laboratory, France, was used to validate the numerical results with the experimental measurements obtained at this facility. OH-PLIF measurements and PDA results for both phases were used to guarantee the accuracy of the numerical OH contours and the velocity profiles of both phases. These experimental measurements were collected at CORIA. After ensuring the stabilization of the numerical flame, the reactive simulations were extended with some adjustments in the time step to capture the acoustic motion. Several techniques like Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) were used to analyze these results and confirm the presence of a Precessing Vortex Core (PVC) and a Vortex Breakdown Bubble (VBB) during the coupling of pressure, axial velocity and fuel mass fraction in reactive conditions. Furthermore, the acoustic analysis performed with a Helmholtz solver proved that the second longitudinal mode of the chamber (329 Hz) was present in the pressure signal (300 Hz in the LES calculations) and resonated with the Vortex Breakdown Bubble (VBB). However, this dominant frequency did not appear in the frequency distribution of the OH mass fraction and no feedback interaction between the acoustic and the combustion happened. Thus, only combustion noise was obtained.This work was supported by the institutional program of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, Project No. 2E32582).Broatch, A.; Carreres, M.; Garcia Tiscar, J.; Rodríguez-Pastor, M. (2023). Numerical analysis of combustion noise in an atmospheric swirl-stabilized LDI burner through modal decomposition techniques. Aerospace Science and Technology. 137:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2023.10828111713

Development and Validation of a Submodel for Thermal Exchanges in the Hydraulic Circuits of a Global Engine Model

[EN] To face the current challenges of the automotive industry, there is a need for computational models capable to simulate the engine behavior under low-temperature and low-pressure conditions. Internal combustion engines are complex and have interconnected systems where many processes take place and influence each other. Thus, a global approach to engine simulation is suitable to study the entire engine performance. The circuits that distribute the hydraulic fluids -liquid fuels, coolants and lubricants- are critical subsystems of the engine. This work presents a 0D model which was developed and set up to make possible the simulation of hydraulic circuits in a global engine model. The model is capable of simulating flow and pressure distributions as well as heat transfer processes in a circuit. After its development, the thermo-hydraulic model was implemented in a physical based engine model called Virtual Engine Model (VEMOD), which takes into account all the relevant relations among subsystems. In the present paper, the thermo-hydraulic model is described and then it is used to simulate oil and coolant circuits of a diesel engine. The objective of the work is to validate the model under steady-state and transient operation, with focus on the thermal evolution of oil and coolant. For validation under steady-state conditions, 22 operating points were measured and simulated, some of them in cold environment. In general, good agreement was obtained between simulation and experiments. Next, the WLTP driving cycle was simulated starting from warmed-up conditions and from ambient temperature. Results were compared with the experiment, showing that modeled trends were close to those experimentally measured. Thermal evolutions of oil and coolant were predicted with mean errors between 0.7 °C and 2.1 °C. In particular, the warm-up phase was satisfactorily modeled.This research has been partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 723976 (“DiePeR”) and by the Spanish government under the grant agreement TRA2017-89894-R. Josep SalvadorIborra was supported by Universitat Politècnica de València through the contract FPI-S2-2016-1357 of the program PAID01-16. The authors wish to thank Renault SAS, especially P. Mallet and E. Gaïffas, for supporting this research. Jaime Monfort San Segundo is acknowledged for his helpful collaboration in the code implementationBroatch, A.; Olmeda, P.; Martín, J.; Salvador-Iborra, J. (2018). Development and Validation of a Submodel for Thermal Exchanges in the Hydraulic Circuits of a Global Engine Model. SAE Technical Papers. https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0160

Validation and Analysis of Heat Losses Prediction Using Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation for an Internal Combustion Engine

[EN] New technologies are required to improve engine thermal efficiency. For this it is necessary to use all the tools available nowadays, in particular computational tools, which allow testing the viability of different solutions at reduced cost. In addition, numerical simulations often provide more complete and precise information than experimental tests. Such is the case for the study of the heat transfer through the walls of an engine. Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) simulations permit precise calculations of the heat transfer rate from gas to walls throughout the whole engine cycle, and thus it is possible to know such details as the instantaneous heat losses and wall temperature distribution on the walls, which no experiment can give. Nevertheless, it is important to validate CHT calculations, either with some experimental measurements or with some other reliable tool, such as 0D-1D modelling known to work well. The proposed work is based on the CHT simulation of the heat transfer to the walls of an engine piston during an entire cycle to determine the parameters that permit obtaining good results. This will be ascertained by comparison with the results of a lumped model previously validated for many applications. Another objective of this work is also to determine if it is significant to take into account the spatial and temporal variations of the wall temperature for the prediction of the heat losses during the engine cycle, as generally a mean and constant wall temperature (isothermal walls) is assumed for CFD combustion calculations.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 724084. The authors wish to thank IFPEN for their permission to use their single cylinder engine geometry and pressure results. The authors want to express their gratitude to CONVERGENT SCIENCE Inc. and Convergent Science GmbH for their kind support for performing the CFD-CHT calculations using CONVERGE software.Broatch, A.; Margot, X.; Garcia Tiscar, J.; Escalona, J. (2019). Validation and Analysis of Heat Losses Prediction Using Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation for an Internal Combustion Engine. SAE International. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-009118Leguille, M., Ravet, F., Le Moine, J., Pomraning, E. et al. , “Coupled Fluid-Solid Simulation for the Prediction of Gas-Exposed Surface Temperature Distribution in a SI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0132 , 2011, doi:104271/2011-24-0132.Mohammadi, A. and Yaghoubi, M. , “Estimation of Instantaneous Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in Spark-Ignition Engines,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 49(7):1309-1317, 2010.Babajimopoulos, A., Assanis, D.N., Flowers, D.L., Aceves, S. M., and Hessel, R.P. , “A Fully Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Multi-Zone Model with Detailed Chemical Kinetics for the Simulation of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engines,” International Journal of Engine Research 6(5):497-512, 2005.Fischer, M. and Jiang, X. , “Numerical Optimisation for Model Evaluation in Combustion Kinetics,” Applied Energy 156:793-803, 2015.Xin, J., Shih, S., Itano, E., and Maeda, Y. , “Integration of 3D Combustion Simulations and Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis to Quantitatively Evaluate Component Temperatures,” SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3128 , 2003, doi:10.4271/2003-01-3128.Iqbal, O., Arora, K., and Sanka, M. , “Thermal Map of an IC Engine Via Conjugate Heat Transfer: Validation and Test Data Correlation,” SAE International Journal of Engines 7(1):366-374, 2014.Lee, S. and Bae, C. , “Design of a Heat Exchanger to Reduce the Exhaust Temperature in a Spark-Ignition Engine,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 47(4):468-478, 2008.Kashdan, J. and Bruneaux, G. , “Laser-Induced Phosphorenscence of Combustion Chamber Surface Temperature on a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-2049 , 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-2049.Knappe, C., Algotsson, M., Andersson, P., Richter, M. et al. , “Thickness Dependent Variations in Surface Phosphor Thermometry during Transient Combustion in an HCCI Engine,” Combustion and Flame 160(8):1466-1475, 2013.Torregrosa, A.J., Olmeda, P., Degraeuwe, B., and Reyes, M. , “A Concise Wall Temperature Model for Di Diesel Engines,” Applied Thermal Engineering 26(11-12):1320-1327, 2006.Torregrosa, A.J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., and Romero, C. , “A Tool for Predicting the Thermal Performance of a Diesel Engine,” Heat Transfer Engineering 32(10):891-904, 2011.Kundu, P., Scarcelli, R., Som, S., Ickes, A. et al. , “Modeling Heat Loss through Pistons and Effect of Thermal Boundary Coatings in Diesel Engine Simulations Using a Conjugate Heat Transfer Model,” SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2235 , 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-2235.Senecal, P.K., Pomraning, E., Anders, J., Weber, M. et al. , “Predictions of Transient Flame Lift-Off Length with Comparison to Single-Cylinder Optical Engine Experiments,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 136(11):111505, 2014.Som, S., Longman, D., Aithal, S., Bair, R. et al. , “A Numerical Investigation on Scalability and Grid Convergence of Internal Combustion Engine Simulations,” SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1095 , 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-1095.Pei, Y., Shan, R., Som, S., Lu, T. et al. , “Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Diesel Engine Simulation with Multi-Target Functions,” SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1117 , 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1117.Andruskiewicz, P., Najt, P., Durrett, R., Biesboer, S. et al. , “Analysis of the Effects of Wall Temperature Swing on Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Processes,” International Journal of Engine Research 19(4):461-473, 2018.Woschni, G., Spindler, W., and Kolesa, K. , “Heat Insulation of Combustion Chamber Walls-A Measure to Decrease the Fuel Consumption of IC Engines?” SAE Technical Paper 870339 , 1987, doi:10.4271/870339.Kosaka, H., Wakisaka, Y., Nomura, Y., Hotta, Y. et al. , “Concept of “Temperature Swing Heat Insulation” in Combustion Chamber Walls, and Appropriate Thermo-Physical Properties for Heat Insulation Coat,” SAE International Journal of Engines 6(1):142-149, 2013.Fukui, K., Wakisaka, Y., Nishikawa, K., Hattori, Y. et al. , “Development of Instantaneous Temperature Measurement Technique for Combustion Chamber Surface and Verification of Temperature Swing Concept,” SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition, SAE International, 2016.Hartmann, F., Buhl, S., Hasse, C., Krost, P., Henke, M., and Hübner, W. , “Erschließung von wirkungsgradpotentialen durch reduzierung der wärmeverluste mittels innovativer kolbenbeschichtungen,” in 16th Conference, The Working Process of the Internal Combustion Engines, Graz, September 2017.Broatch, A., Olmeda, P., Margot, X., and Gomez-Soriano, J. , “Numerical Simulations for Evaluating the Impact of Advanced Insulation Coatings on H2 Additivated Gasoline Lean Combustion in a Turbocharged Spark-Ignited Engine,” Applied Thermal Engineering 148:674-683, 2019.Broatch, A., Olmeda, P., Margot, X., and Escalona, J. , “New Approach to Study the Heat Transfer in Internal Combustion Engines by 3D Modelling,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 138:405-415, 2018.Wiedenhoefer, J.F. and Reitz, R.D. , “A Multidimensional Radiation Model for Diesel Engine Simulation with Comparison to Experiment,” Numerical Heat Transfer Part A 44(7):665-682, 2003.Urip, E., Liew, K.H., and Yang, S.L. , “Modeling IC Engine Conjugate Heat Transfer Using the KIVA Code,” Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 52(1):1-23, 2007.Li, Y. and Kong, S.-C. , “Coupling Conjugate Heat Transfer with In-Cylinder Combustion Modeling for Engine Simulation,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54(11):2467-2478, 2011.Patil, M.M., Pise, A., and Gokhale, N. , “Simulation of Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) between Engine Head and Cooling Medium of Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1662 , 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1662.Bejan, A. and Kraus, A.D. , Heat Transfer Handbook. Vol. 1 (John Wiley & Sons, 2003).Broatch, A., Margot, X., Novella, R., and Gomez-Soriano, J. , “Impact of the Injector Design on the Combustion Noise of Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion in a 2-Stroke Engine,” Applied Thermal Engineering 119:530-540, 2017.Convergent Science Inc. , CONVERGE 2.2 Theory Manual.O’Rourke, P. and Amsden, A.A. , “A Particle Numerical Model for Wall Film Dynamics in Port-Injected Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 961961 , 1996, doi:10.4271961961.Amsden, A. , “KIVA-3V: A Block-Structured KIVA Program for Engines with Vertical or Canted Valves,” Los Alamos, National Laboratory, 1997.Torregrosa, A.J., Broatch, A., Olmeda, P., and Martín, J. , “A Contribution to Film Coefficient Estimation in Piston Cooling Galleries,” Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34(2):142-151, 2010.Olmeda, P., Dolz, V., Arnau, F., and Reyes-Belmonte, M. , “Determination of Heat Flows inside Turbochargers by Means of a One Dimensional Lumped Model,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling 57(7-8):1847-1852, 2013.Broatch, A., Olmeda, P., García, A., Salvador-Iborra, J., and Warey, A. , “Impact of Swirl on In-Cylinder Heat Transfer in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine,” Energy 119:1010-1023, 2017.Kikusato, A., Terahata, K., Jin, K., and Daisho, Y. , “A Numerical Simulation Study on Improving the Thermal Efficiency of a Spark Ignited Engine---Part 2: Predicting Instantaneous Combustion Chamber Wall Temperatures, Heat Losses and Knock,” SAE International Journal of Engines 7(1):87-95, 2014

Numerical approach for assessing combustion noise in compression-ignited Diesel engines

[EN] Diesel combustion noise has become a crucial aspect for the engine manufacturers due to its impact on human health and influence on the customer purchasing decision. The interaction of the pressure waves after mixture self-ignition induces cavity resonances inside the combustion chamber. This complex phenomenon produces high-frequency pressure oscillations, hence traditional in-cylinder measurements do not provide enough information to characterise the in-cylinder acoustic field. In this paper, a numerical methodology is proposed for assessing the Diesel combustion as a noise source and to overcome measurement limitations. An optimisation procedure is also presented in order to determine the numerical calculation parameters, boundary conditions definition and initialization. Results show that local flow conditions at the start of combustion have a strong influence on the acoustic response of the in-cylinder noise source. These particular conditions are only achievable by the proposed methodology which considers entire engine cycle simulations with the complete cylinder domain. Therefore, traditional Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) approaches, such those used for predicting combustion stability or pollutant emissions, are not suitable for reproducing the physical mechanisms of noise generation and they cannot be used for acoustic purposes. The reliability of the proposed methodology to simulate the acoustic field accurately inside the combustion chamber has been validated by comparison with experiments.The equipment used in this work has been partially supported by FEDER project funds "Dotacion de infraestructuras cientifico tecnicas para el Centro Integral de Mejora Energdtica y Medioambiental de Sistemas de Transporte (CiMeT), (FEDER-ICTS-2012-06)", framed in the operational program of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad. J. Gomez-Soriano is partially supported through the "Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID)" of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Grant No. FPI-S2-2016-1353].Torregrosa, AJ.; Broatch, A.; Gil, A.; Gómez-Soriano, J. (2018). Numerical approach for assessing combustion noise in compression-ignited Diesel engines. Applied Acoustics. 135:91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.02.006S9110013

Assessment of the improvement of internal combustion engines cooling system using nanofluids and nanoencapsulated phase change materials

This is the author¿s version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420917494[EN] In recent years, due to the increasing need to reduce consumption of reciprocating internal combustion engines, new researches on different subsystems have raised. Among them, the use of nanofluids as a coolant medium seems to be an interesting alternative. In this work, the potential benefits of using nanofluids in the cooling system using an engine lumped model are studied. The methodology of the study starts with a whole description and validation of the model in both steady and transient conditions by means of a comparison with experimental results. Then, the potential benefits that could be obtained with the use of nanofluids are studied in a theoretical way. After that, the model is used to estimate the behavior of the system using different nanofluids in both stationary and transient conditions. The main results show that the advantages of using these new refrigerants are limited.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The equipment used in this work has been partially supported by FEDER project funds "Dotacion de infraestructuras cientifico tecnicas para el Centro Integral de Mejora Energetica y Medioambiental de Sistemas de Transporte (CiMeT)'' (grant number FEDER-ICTS-2012-06), framed in the operational program of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Spanish Government.Torregrosa, AJ.; Broatch, A.; Olmeda, P.; Dreif-Bennany, A. (2021). Assessment of the improvement of internal combustion engines cooling system using nanofluids and nanoencapsulated phase change materials. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(6):1939-1957. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420917494S1939195722

Numerical assessment of integrated thermal management systems in electrified powertrains

Temperatures in internal combustion engines (ICE) impact fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, especially under transient operating conditions. In hybrid powertrains, where the reciprocating internal combustion engine has intermittent operating conditions, a optimum control of these temperatures is critical. In this work, a detailed methodology for studying integrated thermal management systems for hybrid propulsion system was presented. Both experimental measurements and 0D/1D models were implemented and validated for the different components of the hybrid vehicle powertrain. The novelty of this work consists in the extensive experimental measurements involved for the development of the different models, specially the ICE, in order to study the integration of the different thermal flows of a hybrid powertrain. Furthermore, the simulation methodology used in this work integrates different modelling tools and takes advantage of their strengths when compared to using a single modelling tool. Two different thermal management systems have been evaluated under different Real Driving Emission (RDE) cycles at two different temperatures (at 20 °C and -20 °C). Results have shown that during the ICE warming up, the integrated thermal management system improved energy consumption by 1.74% and 3% for warm and cold conditions, respectively. This was because, the integrated TMS allows to avoid the temperature drop of the ICE when the propulsive system is in pure electric mode. © 2022 Elsevier Lt

Dynamic mode decomposition of the acoustic field in radial compressors

[EN] Widely recognized since the beginning of air travel as a major issue, noise reduction remains nowadays a pressing concern for all stakeholders in the aviation industry. While aeroengine compressors, specially at the approach phase, have been historically identified as a leading source of noise, most of the research has been conducted on compressors of the axial type. However, radial compressors are found in a wide array of applications: smaller business jets, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), auxiliary power units (APUs), turbochargers for reciprocating engines, etc. Owing to their geometrical particularities, radial compressors feature flow patterns that differ from their axial counterparts, leading to different acoustic performance but also opening the door for different optimization approaches. Yet, classical modal decomposition techniques focused on duct propagation may fail to reveal the complex interactions between geometry and flow features that act as noise sources. In this paper we apply, in addition to the classical approach, a data-driven Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) to pressure data coming from a Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), in which we have experimentally validated the correct reproduction of the modal behaviour of the compressor, thus obtaining in-depth details of the link between flow phenomena and noise generation and transmission across the inlet and outlet ducts. (C) 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.The equipment used in this work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through grant [DPI2015-70464-R] and by FEDER project funds Dotación de infraestructuras científico técnicas para el Centro Integral de Mejora Energética y Medioambiental de Sistemas de Transporte (CiMeT), [FEDER-ICTS-2012-06] framed in the operational program of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. F. Roig is supported through the Programa de Apoyo para la Investigación y Desarrollo of the Universitat Politècnica de València [PAID-01-17].Broatch, A.; Garcia Tiscar, J.; Roig-Villanueva, F.; Sharma, S. (2019). Dynamic mode decomposition of the acoustic field in radial compressors. Aerospace Science and Technology. 90:388-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.05.015S3884009

A one-dimensional modeling study on the effect of advanced insulation coatings on internal combustión engine efficiency

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420921584.[EN] This article presents a study of the impact on engine efficiency of the heat loss reduction due to in-cylinder coating insulation. A numerical methodology based on one-dimensional heat transfer model is developed. Since there is no analytic solution for engines, the one-dimensional model was validated with the results of a simple "equivalent" problem, and then applied to different engine boundary conditions. Later on, the analysis of the effect of different coating properties on the heat transfer using the simplified one-dimensional heat transfer model is performed. After that, the model is coupled with a complete virtual engine that includes both thermodynamic and thermal modeling. Next, the thermal flows across the cylinder parts coated with the insulation material (piston and cylinder head) are predicted and the effect of the coating on engine indicated efficiency is analyzed in detail. The results show the gain limits, in terms of engine efficiency, that may be obtained with advanced coating solutions.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The equipment used in this work has been partially supported by FEDER project funds "otacion de infraestructuras cientifico tecnicas para el Centro Integral de Mejora Energetica y Medioambiental de Sistemas de Transporte (CiMeT)'' (Grant No. FEDER-ICTS-2012-06), framed in the operational program of unique scientific and technical infrastructure of the Spanish Government. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No. 724084.Broatch, A.; Olmeda, P.; Margot, XM.; Gómez-Soriano, J. (2021). A one-dimensional modeling study on the effect of advanced insulation coatings on internal combustión engine efficiency. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(7):2390-2404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420921584S23902404227Benajes, J., Novella, R., De Lima, D., & Tribotte, P. (2015). Investigation on Multiple Injection Strategies for Gasoline PPC Operation in a Newly Designed 2-Stroke HSDI Compression Ignition Engine. SAE International Journal of Engines, 8(2), 758-774. doi:10.4271/2015-01-0830Torregrosa, A. J., Broatch, A., Novella, R., Gomez-Soriano, J., & Mónico, L. F. (2017). Impact of gasoline and Diesel blends on combustion noise and pollutant emissions in Premixed Charge Compression Ignition engines. Energy, 137, 58-68. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.010Al-Muhsen, N. F. O., Huang, Y., & Hong, G. (2019). Effects of direct injection timing associated with spark timing on a small spark ignition engine equipped with ethanol dual-injection. Fuel, 239, 852-861. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.118Broatch, A., Olmeda, P., Margot, X., & Gomez-Soriano, J. (2019). Numerical simulations for evaluating the impact of advanced insulation coatings on H2 additivated gasoline lean combustion in a turbocharged spark-ignited engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 148, 674-683. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.11.106Berni, F., Cicalese, G., & Fontanesi, S. (2017). A modified thermal wall function for the estimation of gas-to-wall heat fluxes in CFD in-cylinder simulations of high performance spark-ignition engines. Applied Thermal Engineering, 115, 1045-1062. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.01.055Zhang, L. (2018). Parallel simulation of engine in-cylinder processes with conjugate heat transfer modeling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 142, 232-240. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.06.084Poubeau, A., Vauvy, A., Duffour, F., Zaccardi, J.-M., Paola, G. de, & Abramczuk, M. (2018). Modeling investigation of thermal insulation approaches for low heat rejection Diesel engines using a conjugate heat transfer model. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(1), 92-104. doi:10.1177/1468087418818264Rakopoulos, C. D., Rakopoulos, D. C., Mavropoulos, G. C., & Giakoumis, E. G. (2004). Experimental and theoretical study of the short term response temperature transients in the cylinder walls of a diesel engine at various operating conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 24(5-6), 679-702. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.11.002Kawaguchi, A., Wakisaka, Y., Nishikawa, N., Kosaka, H., Yamashita, H., Yamashita, C., … Tomoda, T. (2019). Thermo-swing insulation to reduce heat loss from the combustion chamber wall of a diesel engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(7), 805-816. doi:10.1177/1468087419852013Powell, T., O’Donnell, R., Hoffman, M., Filipi, Z., Jordan, E. H., Kumar, R., & Killingsworth, N. J. (2019). Experimental investigation of the relationship between thermal barrier coating structured porosity and homogeneous charge compression ignition engine combustion. International Journal of Engine Research, 22(1), 88-108. doi:10.1177/1468087419843752Somhorst, J., Oevermann, M., Bovo, M., & Denbratt, I. (2019). Evaluation of thermal barrier coatings and surface roughness in a single-cylinder light-duty diesel engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 22(3), 890-910. doi:10.1177/1468087419875837Kosaka, H., Wakisaka, Y., Nomura, Y., Hotta, Y., Koike, M., Nakakita, K., & Kawaguchi, A. (2013). Concept of «Temperature Swing Heat Insulation» in Combustion Chamber Walls, and Appropriate Thermo-Physical Properties for Heat Insulation Coat. SAE International Journal of Engines, 6(1), 142-149. doi:10.4271/2013-01-0274Wakisaka, Y., Inayoshi, M., Fukui, K., Kosaka, H., Hotta, Y., Kawaguchi, A., & Takada, N. (2016). Reduction of Heat Loss and Improvement of Thermal Efficiency by Application of «Temperature Swing» Insulation to Direct-Injection Diesel Engines. SAE International Journal of Engines, 9(3), 1449-1459. doi:10.4271/2016-01-0661Rakopoulos, C. D., Mavropoulos, G. C., & Hountalas, D. T. (2000). Measurements and analysis of load and speed effects on the instantaneous wall heat fluxes in a direct injection air-cooled diesel engine. International Journal of Energy Research, 24(7), 587-604. doi:10.1002/1099-114x(20000610)24:73.0.co;2-fKikusato, A., Terahata, K., Jin, K., & Daisho, Y. (2014). A Numerical Simulation Study on Improving the Thermal Efficiency of a Spark Ignited Engine --- Part 2: Predicting Instantaneous Combustion Chamber Wall Temperatures, Heat Losses and Knock ---. SAE International Journal of Engines, 7(1), 87-95. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1066Broatch, A., Olmeda, P., Margot, X., & Escalona, J. (2019). New approach to study the heat transfer in internal combustion engines by 3D modelling. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 138, 405-415. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.01.006Torregrosa, A. J., Olmeda, P., Martín, J., & Romero, C. (2011). A Tool for Predicting the Thermal Performance of a Diesel Engine. 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Energy analysis of a lithium-ion battery module for an e-bus application under different thermal boundaries

[EN] In this study, a methodology for the energy analysis of a lithium-ion battery module cooled by a serpentine cooling plate is proposed. A novel lumped electro-thermal model of a cooled module is calibrated and validated: thermal nodes are assigned to the Li-ion cells, the cooling plate, the thermal pad, and the coolant. The model is experimentally characterized and validated, and a maximum root mean square error equal to 1.44% for the electrical model is obtained; all the errors of the thermal models are kept below the 2%. The proposed approach allows to identify, with a low computational cost and reduced calculation time, the thermal evolution of the nodes depending on the environmental and operating conditions considered. This aspect is of fundamental importance to identify hot spots in the module and to prevent possible dangerous events such as thermal runaway. To highlight these advantages, an extended fast-charging parametric study of the module is carried out, considering 240 simulations, varying 4 parameters (ambient temperature, required electric power, temperature and coolant volumetric flow) and monitoring 3 variables (peak temperature in the module at the end of the charging process, thermal gradient, and time spent in the optimal temperature range), allowing to identify the combinations of operating parameters that permit the rapid charging of the module under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the energy analysis provides an estimation of the charging efficiency of the cells, which is around 90% for every considered thermal boundary. The heat generated by the cells, the heat dissipated into the coolant and the heat absorbed by the other module components are estimated: in a 4C charge, the 80% of total heat is dissipated into the coolant, while in a 1C charge, this aliquot is equal to 95%. The reduced computational time and cost make this model suitable both for cooling system design and for control strategies development.This work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana within the framework of the PROMETEO project "Contribution to the decarbon-ization of transport by optimizing the thermal management of vehicle batteries electrified" with reference number PROMETEO/2020/042. Luca Agizza is supported by grant ACIF/2021/005 funded by Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital of the Generalitat Valenciana.Broatch, A.; Olmeda, P.; Margot, X.; Agizza, L.; Fernández, M. (2023). Energy analysis of a lithium-ion battery module for an e-bus application under different thermal boundaries. Journal of Energy Storage. 73:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.1091071227