Interações Planta-polinizador Em Vegetação De Altitude Na Mata Atlântica

Tropical high-altitude vegetation is unique due to susceptibility to severe weather conditions in relation to lower formations, and by the peculiarity of its flora with many relictual components. Studies on plant-pollinator interactions in high-altitude rocky outcrops and forests of the Atlantic Forest are scarce, but compilation of information allows us to identify some patterns: low frequency of visits, high floral longevity and generalized pollination system. In tropical mountain ecosystems, the degree of generalization of pollination systems in functional (pollinator groups) and ecological (number of species) terms tends to be high, mainly due to the over-representation of certain plant taxa (e.g., Asteraceae in rocky outcrops and Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Sapindaceae in montane forests). Generalized pollination systems and autogamy may be advantageous for tropical high-altitude plants due to the more severe weather conditions (e.g., low temperature), which decrease abundance and limit the activity of pollinators, resulting in lower visitation frequency. Nevertheless, some well represented groups in forests, such as orchids and plants pollinated by hummingbirds and bats, exemplify cases of higher functional specialization, as well as plants with poricidal anthers pollinated by bees in the high-altitude grasslands. However, in rocky outcrops, for some functional groups of pollinators (e.g., hummingbirds, bats, beetles and hawkmoths), the availability of resources does not allow the maintenance of all species throughout the year, favoring possible local or altitudinal migrations. Thus, rocky outcrops and high-altitude forests constitute a unit in the sense of sustaining the pollinator community. Indeed rocky outcrops and high-altitude forests share an evolutionary history at the regional scale since they passed through similar events of expansion and retraction in response to climate changes in the Quaternary. This could explain the complementarity between the two types of vegetation in the use of floral resources by pollinators. Besides the associations identified here, the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions in high-altitude vegetation of the Atlantic Forest remain poorly understood, making urgent the development of an integrative research program, as well as projects on issues related to climate change and biodiversity conservation. © 2016, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). All rights reserved.20272

Extreme Pollination Mutualisms: Natural History And Evolutionary Trends [mutualismos Extremos De Polinização: História Natural E Tendências Evolutivas]

Mutualistic interactions are spread in all ecossystems and are being increasingly regarded important in creating and maintaining the biodiversity in different environments. Our revision aims to discuss about specialization and evolution in pollination systems in the context of mutualism theory. We illustrate this discussion with four of the most well-studied examples of specialized pollination. The concept of mutualism has changed through history, being nowadays considered as an exploitation relationship with net benefits to all interacting species. In this scenario, the mutualistic interactions can be grouped into two categories: (1) facultative - when there is no exclusive dependence between species; and (2) obligatory - when the interacting species cannot survive outside of the relationship. Some interactions under the obligatory mutualism seem to have high degree of specialization and exclusivity between partners, being called extreme mutualisms. Here, we discuss the following potentially extreme pollination mutualism: (I) long corolla flowers and the hawk moths of Sphingidae family, (II) figs and fig-wasps, (III) yuccas and yucca-moths, and (IV) malesof Euglossini bees and orchids. Then, we discuss the underlying possible evolutionary process leading to the current scenario of such specialized relationships is presented. Although some high specialized species-specific pollination interaction can potently exist, in general, in the discussed exemples, these relationships seem to have evolved under diffuse selection pressure. Such pattern lead to functional group formation that, although highly dependent on the interaction allow its components to vary across time and space. 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Sophora Tomentosa And Crotalaria Vitellina (fabaceae): Reproductive Biology And Interactions With Bees In The Restinga Of Ubatuba, Sǎo Paulo [sophora Tomentosa E Crotalaria Vitellina (fabaceae): Biologia Reprodutiva E Interações Com Abelhas Na Restinga De Ubatuba, São Paulo]

The study of plant-pollinator interactions is a major tool for conservation biology of fragmented habitats like the Atlantic Rain Forest and for the study of evolutionary traits that rule these interactions. Information on reproductive biology and floral visitor interactions of Sophora tomentosa and Crotalaria vitellina (Fabaceae) is presented in this study. Both species are common in the restinga formation of the Atlantic Rain Forest in the Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba - São Paulo. These species occur in the same areas, the flowering period is the same for both and they have yellow flowers that offer nectar as the major reward. Both are self-compatible, although fruit and seed set depend on the pollinators. Xylocopa brasilianorum and Megachile sp.1 were pollinators of S. tomentosa, whereas C. vitellina was pollinated by both the aforementioned bees and Bombus morio, Centris labrosa and two separate species of Megachile. All these bees have long tongues and are able to reach nectar at the bottom of the nectar chamber by legitimate visits. The inflorescences of S. tomentosa received more visits (0,62 visits/inflorescence/day) than the inflorescences of C. vitellina (0,37 visits/inflorescence/day). However, the fruit set of S. tomentosa (33%) is similar to that of C. vitellina (42%) in natural conditions, probably due to different pollinator efficiency. Having shorter tongues, Trigona and Augochlora bees have no access to the nectar chamber by means of legitimate visits. Hence, the dimensions of the nectar chamber of S. tomentosa and C. vitellina act as a selective barrier to short-tongued bees, thus guaranteeing more nectar to the long-tongued visitors. These legume pollinators are very common in the restinga forest, and they act as pollen vectors of other species in this ecosystem as well. 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