Human migration and the spread of malaria parasites to the New World

We examined the mitogenomes of a large global collection of human malaria parasites to explore how and when Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax entered the Americas. We found evidence of a significant contribution of African and South Asian lineages to present-day New World malaria parasites with additional P. vivax lineages appearing to originate from Melanesia that were putatively carried by the Australasian peoples who contributed genes to Native Americans. Importantly, mitochondrial lineages of the P. vivax-like species P. simium are shared by platyrrhine monkeys and humans in the Atlantic Forest ecosystem, but not across the Amazon, which most likely resulted from one or a few recent human-to-monkey transfers. While enslaved Africans were likely the main carriers of P. falciparum mitochondrial lineages into the Americas after the conquest, additional parasites carried by Australasian peoples in pre-Columbian times may have contributed to the extensive diversity of extant local populations of P. vivax

Estabilidad de la adenosina deaminasa en diferentes medios de transporte del líquido pleural

La determinación de los niveles de la adenosinadeaminasa en el líquido pleural es sensible y específicapara la tuberculosis pleural. La adenosina deaminasa enel líquido pleural disminuye con el tiempo a temperatura ambiente. El objetivo de este estudio es demostrar si existediferencia en los valores de la adenosina deaminasa enlíquidos pleurales en cuatro medios diferentes de transporte(hielo, citrato de sodio, heparina y ninguna sustanciaquímica añadida). Se determinaron los niveles de laenzima en ochenta y ocho (88) muestras de líquido pleuralprocedentes de 22 pacientes con derrames pleurales nodiagnosticados. Se demostró la concordancia diagnósticaentre los diferentes medios de transporte. No se demostró diferencia significativa entre los niveles de la adenosinadeaminasa en cada uno de los diferentes medios detransporte hasta dos (2) horas posterior a su recolección.Se recomienda enviar las muestras de líquido pleuralcon el conservativo adecuado o con ácido etilen diaminotetracético de rutina en nuestro país.Palabras clave: Adenosina deaminasa; Transporte; Derrame pleural: Líquido pleural.SUMMARYThe determination of the levels of adenosine deaminase inpleural fluid is sensitive and specific for pleural tuberculosis.Adenosine deaminase in pleural fluid decreases over timeat room temperature. The objective of this study is todemonstrate if there is difference on the average valuesof adenosine deaminase in pleural fluids in four differentmeans of transport (ice, sodium citrate, heparin and noadded chemical substance). The levels of the enzyme ineighty-eight (88) pleural fluid samples from 22 patientswith undiagnosed pleural effusions were determined. Wedemonstrated diagnostic concordance between the differentmodes of transport. No significant difference is betweenthe levels of adenosine deaminase in each of the differentmeans of transport up to two (2) hours after collection. Itis recommended to send by routine in our country samplesof pleural fluid with the right conservative or Acid etilendiamino tetracetic.Key words: Adenosine deaminase. Transportation.Pleural effusion. Pleural fluid