Challenges to generating political prioritization for adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Kenya: A qualitative study.

BackgroundDespite the high burden of adverse adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes, it has remained a low political priority in Kenya. We examined factors that have shaped the lack of current political prioritization of adolescent SRH service provision.MethodsWe used the Shiffman and Smith policy framework consisting of four categories-actor power, ideas, political contexts, and issue characteristics-to analyse factors that have shaped political prioritization of adolescent SRH. We undertook semi-structured interviews with 14 members of adolescent SRH networks between February and April 2019 at the national level and conducted thematic analysis of the interviews.FindingsSeveral factors hinder the attainment of political priority for adolescent SRH in Kenya. On actor power, the adolescent SRH community was diverse and united in adoption of international norms and policies, but lacked policy entrepreneurs to provide strong leadership, and policy windows were often missed. Regarding ideas, community members lacked consensus on a cohesive public positioning of the problem. On issue characteristics, the perception of adolescents as lacking political power made politicians reluctant to act on the existing data on the severity of adolescent SRH. There was also a lack of consensus on the nature of interventions to be implemented. Pertaining to political contexts, sectoral funding by donors and government treasury brought about tension within the different government ministries resulting in siloed approaches, lack of coordination and overall inefficiency. However, the SRH community has several strengths that augur well for future political support. These include the diverse multi-sectoral background of its members, commitment to improving adolescent SRH, and the potential to link with other health priorities such as maternal health and HIV/AIDS.ConclusionIn order to increase political attention to adolescent SRH in Kenya, there is an urgent need for policy actors to: 1) create a more cohesive community of advocates across sectors, 2) develop a clearer public positioning of adolescent SRH, 3) agree on a set of precise approaches that will resonate with the political system, and 4) identify and nurture policy entrepreneurs to facilitate the coupling of adolescent SRH with potential solutions when windows of opportunity arise

A 12 años de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos de la Madre Tierra y los avances jurídicos en México

More than a decade after the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth, our commitment is to contribute to the design of a new paradigm centered on the Earth, recognizing Nature as a collective entity subject to rights, as the center of society's value system, and recognizing the intrinsic value of all the elements that make it up, through the creation of new constitutions and constitutional amendments, as well as secondary and regulatory laws, that help the true implementation of the Rights of Nature in Mexico. These are our legal advances and what we still have to do.A más de una década de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos de la Madre Tierra, nuestro compromiso es contribuir al diseño de un nuevo paradigma centrado en la Tierra, reconociendo a la Naturaleza como un ente colectivo sujeto de derechos, como el centro de sistema de valores de la sociedad, y reconociendo el valor intrínseco de todos los elementos que la conforman, a través de la creación de nuevas constituciones y reformas constitucionales, así como de leyes secundarias y reglamentarias, que ayuden a la verdadera implementación de los Derechos de la Naturaleza en México. Estos son nuestros avances jurídicos y lo que nos falta por hacer

Islands in the desert for cavity‐nesting bees and wasps: Ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California Peninsula

Aims The oases of Baja California Peninsula (BCP) have been proposed as important hotspots of biodiversity that hold an exceptional richness in the middle of desert conditions. We tested the effect of habitat and anthropogenic disturbance on communities of cavity-nesting taxa, with specific emphasis on bees, wasps, and their natural enemies. Methods In oases of BCP and desert neighbor environments, trap-nesting taxa were evaluated in response to factors affecting the nest abundance, richness, and community structure. We used statistical models to find correlates of nest abundance and patterns of diversity, as well as ecological analyses to determine the effect of habitat and human disturbance on species diversity and community structure. Results Solar irradiation, distance to a perennial waterbody and relative humidity influenced the presence of nests, number of brood cells, and parasitism. In general, abundance, species richness, and parasitism were higher in oases, especially in those with less human disturbance. Bees did not discriminate between oases and deserts to nest, whereas mud-daubing wasps were more dependent of oases. The degree of anthropogenic disturbance did not affect the occurrence of parasitism, but it had an adverse effect on the parasitism intensity (number of attacked cells). The community structure was more complex and even in oases and low-disturbed sites. The similarity between sites did not exceed 30%, and the proportion of shared species between oases and deserts varied from 2.7% to 26.6%. Main conclusions The oases of Baja California are functioning as mesic islands in the desert, each oasis hosting a unique community of cavity-nesting taxa. About 65% of the nests and 50% of species occurred exclusively in the oasis. Thus, cavity-nesting species that depend on mesic conditions could be threatened if the oases of BCP disappear in the future. Local conditions in the oases and deserts of the BCP are shaping the community structure. However, large-scale factors such as climate can influence the seasonality and occurrence of species within the community of cavity-nesting dwellers. Since habitat loss and fragmentation can degrade the oases' functionality, strategies to maintain the ecosystem services of pollination and biological control should be included in the conservation programs of these fragile habitats.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologiaConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) [273254]Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Criterios de criminalización y descriminalización

El objeto de conocimiento es cuestionar el contenido de la norma penal a través del análisis de los mecanismos idóneos para reducir la inflación legislativa, como son los recursos que simplifican y descriminalizan, al tiempo que definen la creación de esa norma penal en un marco que asegure que la sanción penal bien puede ser evitada allí donde no se lesionen condiciones vitales de convivencia social, garantizando que la libertad individual solo será afectada en caso absolutamente necesario. La estrategia del proceso de la criminalización significa dirigir los mecanismos de la reaccion institucional hacia la criminalidad mas grave en tanto que la estrategia de la descriminalización supone la sustitución de las sanciones penales por formas de control no estigmatizantes: una permanente apertura de mayores espacios de aceptación social. Se examinan en el primer capitulo los principales lineamientos explicativos del proceso criminalización- descriminalización. Se centra la atención en la funcion punitiva y se resalta la finalidad que cumple en la realidad social en tanto reconocimiento de bienes jurídicos; se trata el fundamento constitucional que ofrece los contenidos suficientes para implementar acciones legislativas concretas. En el segundo capitulo se hace necesario vincular el objeto de conocimiento, esto es el proceso criminalización- descriminalización de las normas, con tres figuras de la parte general y de la parte especial del código penal: la tentativa inidonea, la reincidencia y la protección penal del ambiente

Impact of Gender on Separation-Reunification Experiences of Latino Adolescent Immigrants

Many Latino immigrants who enter the US in late childhood or adolescence are reunifying with parents after lengthy separations, and yet there is limited research on this process from their point of view. This article discusses the impact of gender relations on family re-engagement and immigrant adaptation of young men and young women. Young people were interviewed as part of a grounded theory study exploring the process of family separation and reunification for Latino immigrant adolescents who have been separated from their parents for at least four years during immigration. Focus groups, individual interviews and participant observation were used to gather data from 20 Mexican and Central American immigrant adolescents, 12 young men and 8 young women. Participants reported a range of personal and family beliefs about gender roles and their impact on separation and reunification, Young men reported greater exposure to violence, generally had less access to health care, and reported more emotional isolation from families and peers than young women. Fathers and adult male role models were missing from most of their lives, and this absence was particularly difficult for young men. Young women reported greater skills and persistence in emotional re-engagement with their families in the United States.Beaucoup d'immigrés latinos entrés aux Etats-Unis à la fin de l'enfance ou au début de l'adolescence retrouvent leurs parents après une longue période de séparation, et pourtant il n'existe que très peu d'études sur ce sujet relatant leur point de vue. Cet article traite de l'impact des rapports de genre sur le regroupement familial et l'adaptation des jeunes hommes et femmes immigrés. Des jeunes ont été interrogés dans le cadre d'une étude basée sur la théorie ancrée qui analysait le processus de séparation et de regroupement familial chez les adolescents immigrés latinos qui avaient été séparés de leurs parents pendant au moins quatre ans durant la période d'immigration. Des groupes cibles, des entretiens individuels et l'observation des participants ont permis de recueillir des données auprès de 20 adolescents immigrés originaires du Mexique et d'Amérique Centrale, dont 12 jeunes hommes et 8 jeunes femmes. Les participants ont décrit un ensemble de croyances personnelles et familiales sur les rôles sexuels, et leur impact sur la séparation et le regroupement familial. Les jeunes hommes ont ainsi déclaré être plus exposés à la violence, avoir généralement un accès aux soins plus limité, et souffrir d'une plus grande isolation émotionnelle vis-à-vis de leurs familles et de leurs pairs que les jeunes femmes. Les pères et les modèles adultes masculins étaient pour la plupart absents de leur vie, et cette absence était particulièrement difficile à vivre pour les jeunes hommes. Les jeunes femmes ont quant à elles montré plus de capacités et de persévérance dans le réengagement émotionnel avec leurs familles aux Etats-Unis.Muchos inmigrantes latinos que entran en Estados Unidos al final de su infancia o en su adolescencia  se reunifican con sus padres después de largos periodos de separación. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios sobre este proceso desde su punto de vista. Este artículo analiza el impacto de las relaciones de género en la reunificación familiar y la adaptación como inmigrantes de hombres y mujeres jóvenes. Se entrevistó a chicos y chicas en el marco de un estudio de teoría fundamentada que explora el proceso de la separación familiar y su posterior reunificación en el caso de inmigrantes latinos adolescentes que han sido separados de sus padres durante al menos cuatro años en el transcurso de la inmigración. Se utilizaron reuniones de grupo, entrevistas individuales y observaciones para recabar datos de 20 inmigrantes adolescentes mexicanos y centroamericanos, 12 chicos y 8 chicas. Los participantes reflejaban diversas creencias personales y familiares sobre los roles de género y su impacto en la separación y reunificación. Los chicos reflejaron una mayor exposición a la violencia, un acceso más limitado en general a la asistencia sanitaria y un mayor aislamiento emocional de sus familias y compañeros que las chicas. En sus familias no había referencias paternas o de adultos masculinos y esta ausencia resultaba especialmente difícil para los chicos. Las chicas, en cambio, mostraron mayores habilidades y persistencia en la reunificación emocional con sus familias en suelo estadounidense