Multimodal Analgesia for Spine Surgery : Does the Intraoperative Opioid Dose Matter?

Author Contributions: Patrice Forget: This author wrote the first draft of the manuscript, contributed to the writing of the manuscript, approved the final version of this article and has read, and confirmed meeting the ICMJE criteria for authorship. Juan P. Cata: This author contributed to the writing of the manuscript, approved the final version of this article and has read, and confirmed meeting the ICMJE criteria for authorship. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.Peer reviewedPostprin

Attention and tool-use in the evolution of language

It is argued that the capacity to focus attention is crucial for intentional communication. Intentional communication is goal-intended; directed at changing mental states and as a consequence behaviour; about a referential object common to sender and recipient; and about objects that may be context-and referent-independent. Three different kinds of attention is discerned: scanning, attention attraction, and attention-focusing. The focus of attention can, depending on the abilities of the subject, be on objects or subjects that either are contextual or stable, and it can be individual or shared. For language use, subject-subject focusing along with shared attention are necessary. This does not require Gricean metarepresentations, but basically only attention contact between the subjects and behavioral co-ordination. Language use can be compared with tool use to bring out the characteristics that distinguish informational from intentional communication. The capacities required for tool use are in several cases similar to those required for language use. A basic similarity is that both activities are used as means to an end

Working Like a Dog: Literary Analysis of Multifactorial Service Dog Outcomes.

What makes a service dog successful? Whether it is genetics or the environment they are raised in, the definition of a successful service dog is complicated. Organizations that set out to train service dogs depend on successful outcomes to continue operating. That makes it particularly important to determine and understand the primary factors that impact the success or failure of dogs bred and/or trained for service dog programs. Given the complexity of the requirements for effective service dogs, it can be costly for an individual or an organization to neglect any factors that contribute to success. Individual components of what makes effective service dogs have been studied, but these have not been fully integrated into effective training programs. This literature review analyzes current scientific literature and suggests best practices for optimizing success in service dog training programs

From Intuition to Insight

The article discusses the role of intuition for insight. Creativity provides heuristic solutions to problems that are intractable if approached in standard, algorithmic ways. Intuition is claimed to occur during the incubation phase (Wallas 1926) and to crucially depend on embodied memory and unconscious processing of memories, such as reconstruction and recreation. Two suggestions as to how memory contributes to intuition, and by which processes are analysed and compared: Barsalou & Prinz’ (1997) and Langley & Jones’ (1988)

Self-Identification and Self-Reference

Wittgenstein once made a distinction between two uses of "I". The first use, as object, as in "I have broken my arm" or "The wind is blowing in my hair", involves the recognition of a particular person, and there is the possibility of error concerning the identity of the person. In the other use, as subject, as in "I think it will rain" or "I am trying to lift my arm", no person is recognised. No mistake can be made about who the subject is. By this distinction, Wittgenstein drew attention to a phenomenon that later has been dubbed immunity to error through misidentification (IEM). The paper discusses Evans’ views on immunity to error through misidentification, and critically assesses some problems of his account, related to the fact that information-links by themselves neither can determine contents of thought, nor guarantee the IEM of judgements based on purely informational states

Bringing drumsticks to funerals: Jamming as learning

Dette etnografisk inspirerede feltstudie an- vender social praksisteori i en analyse af New Orleans jazz og funk musikeres jam som læring. Gennem analyse af deltagerobservation og kvalitative interviews argumenteres for at musikernes deltagelse in kollektivt improvise- rede musikalske praksisser som jam sessions karakteriseres ved en iterativ opdagelse af nye handlemuligheder i forfølgelsen af et ‘fælles tredje’, den gode musik. Endvidere argumenteres for, at musikernes konstant ændrede deltagelse i jam praksis og udviklingen af selve den improviserede musik ikke kan adskilles og er indbyrdes afhængige. At lære at jamme argumenteres at være situeret i jamming som social praksis, hvorved læring analyseret som improviseret udvikling af praksis per se fremstår prototypisk. Afsluttende diskuteres studiets konklusio- ner og disses potentiale for udviklingen af undervisningsmiljøer for rytmisk musik