an elastin derived self assembling polypeptide

Elastin is an extracellular matrix protein responsible for the elastic properties of organs and tissues, the elastic properties being conferred to the protein by the presence of elastic fibers. In the perspective of producing tailor-made biomaterials of potential interest in nanotechnology and biotechnology fields, we report a study on an elastin-derived polypeptide. The choice of the polypeptide sequence encoded by exon 6 of Human Tropoelastin Gene is dictated by the peculiar sequence of the polypeptide. As a matter of fact, analogously to elastin, it is constituted of a hydrophobic region (GLGAFPAVTFPGALVPGG) and of a more hydrophilic region rich of lysine and alanine residues (VADAAAAYKAAKA). The role played by the two different regions in triggering the adoption of beta-turn and beta-sheet conformations is herein discussed and demonstrated to be crucial for the self-aggregation properties of the polypeptide

Elastin-Hyaluronan Bioconjugate as Bioactive Component in Electrospun Scaffolds

Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan (HA) and elastin‐inspired peptides (EL) have been widely recognized as bioinspired materials useful in biomedical applications. The aim of the present work is the production of electrospun scaffolds as wound dressing materials which would benefit from synergic action of the bioactivity of elastin peptides and the regenerative properties of hyaluronic acid. Taking advantage of thiol‐ene chemistry, a bioactive elastin peptide was successfully conjugated to methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MAHA) and electrospun together with poly‐d,l‐lactide (PDLLA). To the best of our knowledge, limited reports on peptide‐conjugated hyaluronic acid were described in literature, and none of these was employed for the production of electrospun scaffolds. The conformational studies carried out by Circular Dichroism (CD) on the bioconjugated compound confirmed the preservation of secondary structure of the peptide after conjugation while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the supramolecular structure of the electrospun scaffolds. Overall, the study demonstrates that the bioconjugation of hyaluronic acid with the elastin peptide improved the electrospinning processability with improved characteristics in terms of morphology of the final scaffolds

The Inhibitory Effect of Resveratrol on Elastin Amyloidogenesis

The role of polyphenols in the prevention of degenerative diseases is emerging in the last years. In this report, we will investigatein vitrothe inhibitory effect of resveratrol on elastin amyloidogenesis. The effect of resveratrol on molecular structure was investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy, while the inhibitory effect on self-assembly was evaluated by turbidimetry as a function of temperature and by atomic force microscopy

Phase behavior and chain dynamics of elastin-like peptides versus amino acid sequences

Elastin fibrillogenesis is conditioned by multiple self-assembly processes. Previous studies have evidenced the crucial influence of amino acid specificities on molecular organization of glycine-rich elastin-like peptides, but also the important role of environment on the self-assembly processes. For the first time, we combined a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study on aqueous solutions of three elastin-like peptides with thermally stimulated currents (TSC) experiments in the condensed state. We have studied three pentadecapeptides having the XGGZG motif threefold repeated with X and Z residues constituted of valine and leucine, known to form fiber structures. Valine and leucine moieties differ only by the presence of –CH2– spacer occupying in the pattern the first or the fourth position. Both of the residues are among the most abundant in elastin. Via DSC, we showed that the simple substitution of one amino acid strongly influences the surrounding hydration of the pentadecapeptides. During the self-assembly process, a slow exchange between bound water and bulk water is highlighted for (VGGLG)3, whereas a fast exchange of water molecules is found for(VGGVG)3 and (LGGVG)3. In the pre-fibrillar condensed state, TSC analysis reveals localized and delocalized motions and gives a fingerprint of the dynamics via activation parameters. At the localized level, a profound difference in the carbonyl environment is observed between(VGGLG)3 and the other peptides. The delocalized chain dynamics of the three peptides can be connected to the different conformations. The dominant unordered conformation of (VGGLG)3 leads to a softer system, while the large amount of b sheets and b turns in (VGGVG)3 and (LGGVG)3 leads to stiffer systems. Around the physiological temperature occurs a structural, isochronal phasetransition, sequence specific, suggested to be associated with the ferroelectricity of such elastin-like peptides

Electrospun poly-L-lactide scaffold for the controlled and targeted delivery of a synthetically obtained Diclofenac prodrug to treat actinic keratosis

Abstract Actinic Keratosis' (AKs) are small skin lesions that are related to a prolonged sun-damage, which can develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) when left untreated. Effective, specific and well tolerable therapies to cure AKs are still of great interest. Diclofenac (DCF) is the current gold standard for the local treatment of AKs in terms of costs, effectiveness, side effects and tolerability. In this work, an electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold loaded with a synthetic DCF prodrug was developed and characterized. Specifically, the prodrug was successfully synthetized by binding DCF to a glycine residue via solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and then incorporated in an electrospun PLA scaffold. The drug encapsulation was verified using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and its scaffold release was spectrophotometrically monitored and confirmed with MPM. The scaffold was further characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile testing and contact angle measurements. Its biocompatibility was verified by performing a cell proliferation assay and compared to PLA scaffolds containing the same amount of DCF sodium salt (DCFONa). Finally, the effect of the electrospun scaffolds on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) morphology and metabolism was investigated by combining MPM with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The obtained results suggest that the obtained scaffold could be suitable for the controlled and targeted delivery of the synthesized prodrug for the treatment of AKs. Statement of Significance Electrospun scaffolds are of growing interest as materials for a controlled drug delivery. In this work, an electrospun polylactic acid scaffold containing a synthetically obtained Diclofenac prodrug is proposed as a novel substrate for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis. A controlled drug delivery targeted to the area of interest could enhance the efficacy of the therapy and favor the healing process. The prodrug was synthesized via solid phase, employing a clean and versatile approach to obtain Diclofenac derivatives. Here, we used multiphoton microscopy to image drug encapsulation within the fibrous scaffold and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to investigate Diclofenac effects and potential mechanisms of action

Amyloidogenesis of proteolytic fragments of human elastin

Some polypeptides encoded by the C-terminal region of human tropoelastin gene have been demonstrated to be amyloidogenic in vitro. The biological relevance of this finding is still under investigation given that only limited evidence concerning the involvement of elastin in amyloidosis exists. Recent studies identified, by mass spectrometry, several elastin fragments produced from the cleavages made by some elastases in human elastin substrate. Some of these fragments are contained into the same polypeptide sequences previously demonstrated to be amyloidogenic. Our hypothesis is that the upregulation of elastases in inflammatory processes triggered, for example, by aging induces the release of elastin fragments potentially amyloidogenic. Therefore our aim in this study is to demonstrate if any of these fragments is amyloidogenic in vitro. At molecular level, CD, NMR, FTIR spectroscopies and MD simulations were used, while, at supramolecular level, Congo red binding assay and ThT fluorescence spectroscopy complemented with AFM microscopy were carried out. Our results show that the longest peptide, among those synthesized and mimicking the elastin fragments produced by elastases on human elastin, constituted of 22 residues, is able to aggregate into amyloid-like fibres. These findings support the hypothesis of amyloidogenesis of proteolytic fragments of elastin

Influence of the architecture on the molecular mobility of synthetic fragments inspired from human tropoelastin

This work deals with the vibrational, thermal and dielectric characterization of a synthetic peptide (S4) released during the proteolysis of human tropoelastin. This peptide was shown to form amyloid-like fibers implied in neurodegenerative pathologies. The comparison between the linear peptides and the associated amyloidlike fibers evidences the strong influence of the secondary structures on the physical structure and chain dynamics of these polypeptides

Heparan sulfates facilitate harmless amyloidogenic fibril formation interacting with elastin-like peptides

Heparan sulfates (HSs) modulate tissue elasticity in physiopathological conditions by interacting with various matrix constituents as tropoelastin and elastin-derived peptides. HSs bind also to protein moieties accelerating amyloid formation and influencing cytotoxic properties of insoluble fibrils. Interestingly, amyloidogenic polypeptides, despite their supposed pathogenic role, have been recently explored as promising bio-nanomaterials due to their unique and interesting properties. Therefore, we investigated the interactions of HSs, obtained from different sources and exhibiting various degree of sulfation, with synthetic amyloidogenic elastin-like peptides (ELPs), also looking at the effects of these interactions on cell viability and cell behavior using in vitro cultured fibroblasts, as a prototype of mesenchymal cells known to modulate the soft connective tissue environment. Results demonstrate, for the first time, that HSs, with differences depending on their sulfation pattern and chain length, interact with ELPs accelerating aggregation kinetics and amyloid-like fibril formation as well as self-association. Furthermore, these fibrils do not negatively affect fibroblasts' cell growth and parameters of redox balance, and influence cellular adhesion properties. Data provide information for a better understanding of the interactions altering the elastic component in aging and in pathologic conditions and may pave the way for the development of composite matrix-based biomaterials

Conformational and thermal characterization of a synthetic peptidic fragment inspired from human tropoelastin: Signature of the amyloid fibers

Objectives : This work deals with the conformational and thermal characterization of a synthetic peptide (S4) released during the proteolysis of human tropoelastin by the matrix metalloproteinase-12 that was shown to form amyloid-like fibres under certain conditions. Materials and methods : S4 peptides were synthesized by solid-phase methodology and aggregated in solution at 80 8C. Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) was used to access the secondary structure. Thermal characterization was performed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results : The DSC study of the soluble linear peptide S4 in solution in TBS reveals the irreversible aggregation into amyloid fibres. FT–IR, DSC and TGA analyses performed on freeze-dried samples evidence differences between the linear peptide and its associated amyloid-like fibres, both on the conformation and the physical structure. When S4 peptides are aggregated, the prominent conformation scanned by FT–IR is the cross b-structure, corresponding to TGA to an increase of the thermal stability. Moreover, the DSC thermograms of S4 fibres are characteristic of a highly ordered structure, in contrast to the DSC thermograms of S4 linear peptides, characteristic of an amorphous structure. Finally, the DSC analysis of differently hydrated S4 fibres brings to the fore the specific thermal answer of the wet interfaces of the cross b-fibres. Conclusion : FT–IR and thermal techniques are well suited to evidence conformational and structural differences between the soluble peptide and its amyloid form

Cucumber mosaic virus Is Unable to Self-Assemble in Tobacco Plants When Transmitted by Seed

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which has great impact on agronomic production worldwide, is both aphid and seed transmitted. Although the mechanisms of aphid transmission have been widely studied, those underlying the ability of CMV to survive and remain infectious during the passage from one generation to the next through the seeds are still to be clarified. Moreover, the viral determinants of seed transmission rate are poorly understood. Three viral genotypes produced from same RNA 1 and 2 components of CMV-Fny but differing in RNA 3 (the wild type CMV-Fny, a pseudorecombinant CMV-Fny/CMV-S and a chimeric CMV previously obtained by our group, named F, FS and CS, respectively) were propagated in Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi plants in order to assess differences in tobacco seed transmission rate and persistence through plant generations in the absence of aphid transmission. Seed-growth tests revealed CMV infection in the embryos, but not in the integuments. Seedlings from seed-growth tests showed the presence of all considered viruses but at different rates: from 4% (F, FS) to 16% (CS). Electron microscopy revealed absence (CS) of viral particles or virions without the typical central hole (F and FS). In agreement, structural characteristics of purified CMV particles, assessed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, showed anomalous spectra of nucleic acids rather than the expected nucleoproteins. These alterations resulted in no seed transmission beyond the first plant generation. Altogether, the results show for the first time that correct virion assembly is needed for seed infection from the mother plant but not to seedling invasion from the seed. We propose that incorrect virion formation, self-assembly and architecture stability might be explained if during the first stages of germination and seedling development some tobacco seed factors target viral regions responsible for protein-RNA interactions