Occurrence and transport of salinity and selenium in a tile-drained irrigated agricultural system

2017 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document

Maximal Androgen Ablation: A Review

Primary management of advanced (stage D) adenocarcinoma of the prostate is androgen ablation. Since this principle was discovered in the early 1940s, therapeutic alternatives and progress have centered around different ways to obtain castrate levels of androgens. The role of adrenal androgens in supporting prostate or prostatic cancer growth has been debated for decades and until recently was believed to be minimal. In the 1980s the concept of maximum androgen suppression, involving both the testes and adrenal glands, was reintroduced with some investigators claiming exceptional results. We review studies that have examined this concept, with emphasis on the largest trial which was carried out by the National Cancer Institute

Bi-directional communication between neurons and astrocytes modulates spinal motor circuits

Funding was provided by the Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Grant (BB/M021793/1), the Motor Neurone Disease (MND) Association UK and the RS MacDonald Charitable Trust.Evidence suggests that astrocytes are not merely supportive cells in the nervous system but may actively participate in the control of neural circuits underlying cognition and behavior. In this study, we examined the role of astrocytes within the motor circuitry of the mammalian spinal cord. Pharmacogenetic manipulation of astrocytic activity in isolated spinal cord preparations obtained from neonatal mice revealed astrocyte-derived, adenosinergic modulation of the frequency of rhythmic output generated by the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) network. Live Ca2+ imaging demonstrated increased activity in astrocytes during locomotor-related output and in response to the direct stimulation of spinal neurons. Finally, astrocytes were found to respond to neuronally-derived glutamate in a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) dependent manner, which in turn drives astrocytic modulation of the locomotor network. Our work identifies bi-directional signaling mechanisms between neurons and astrocytes underlying modulatory feedback control of motor circuits, which may act to constrain network output within optimal ranges for movement.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe