Book Reviews

Book Review

Lineups and eyewitness identification

Abstract Research on eyewitnesses has led to the development of a knowledge base about the factors that influence eyewitness identification accuracy and to changes to criminal justice policies concerning the collection of eyewitness identification evidence. In this review, we provide an overview of the field of eyewitness identifications and suggest future directions for research. First, we provide the context for the study of eyewitness identifications. Second, we review a sample of factors that affect the accuracy of eyewitness identifications, with attention to both the conditions under which crimes occur and the manner in which identification tests are conducted. Third, we review several findings about which there is some contemporary debate or controversy. Finally, we highlight opportunities for further research on eyewitness identifications by drawing upon basic research in social and cognitive psychology and lessons from actual cases

Response to dietary phosphorus deficiency is affected by genetic background in growing pigs

Concern over the environmental effect of P excretion from pig production has led to reduced dietary P supplementation. To examine how genetics influence P utilization, 94 gilts sired by 2 genetic lines (PIC337 and PIC280) were housed individually and fed either a P-adequate diet (PA) or a 20% P-deficient diet (PD) for 14 wk. Initially and monthly, blood samples were collected and BW recorded after an overnight fast. Growth performance and plasma indicators of P status were determined monthly. At the end of the trial, carcass traits, meat quality, bone strength, and ash percentage were determined. Pigs fed the PD diet had decreased (P \u3c 0.05) plasma P concentrations and poorer G:F (P \u3c 0.05) over the length of the trial. After 4 wk on trial, pigs fed the PD diet had increased (P \u3c 0.05) plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and decreased (P \u3c 0.05) plasma parathyroid hormone compared with those fed the PA diet. At the end of the trial, pigs fed the PD diet had decreased (P \u3c 0.05) BW, HCW, and percentage fat-free lean and tended to have decreased LM area (P = 0.06) and marbling (P= 0.09) and greater (P = 0.12) 10th-rib backfat than pigs fed the PA diet. Additionally, animals fed the PD diet had weaker bones and also decreased (P \u3c 0.05) ash percentage and increased (P \u3c 0.05) concentrations of 1α-hydroxylase and parathyroid hormone receptor mRNA in kidney tissue. Regardless of dietary treatment, PIC337-sired pigs consumed more feed and gained more BW than their PIC280-sired counterparts (P \u3c 0.05) during the study. The PIC337-sired pigs also had greater (P \u3c 0.05) HCW, larger (P \u3c 0.01) LM area, and tended to have (P = 0.07) greater dressing percentage. Meat from the PIC337-sired pigs also tended to have greater (P = 0.12) concentrations of lactate but decreased (P = 0.07) concentrations of total glucose units 24 h postslaughter. Although plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were elevated (P \u3c 0.05) in all the animals fed the PD diet, this elevation due to P deficiency tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in the PIC337-sired pigs after 12 wk on the treatment. The PIC337-sired pigs had stronger (P \u3c 0.01) bones with greater ash percentage than the PIC280-sired pigs. The difference in the strength of the radii between the PIC337-sired pigs fed the PA and PD diets was greater than their PIC280-sired counterparts, which resulted in sire line × treatment interactions (P \u3c 0.05). These data indicate differing mechanisms of P utilization between these genetic lines. Elucidating these mechanisms may lead to strategies to increase efficiency of growth in a more environmentally friendly manner

Enteromius pinnimaculatus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), a new species from Southern Gabon

With more than 407 species of freshwater and brackish water fishes, Gabon is a country rich in ichthyological biodiversity, but its aquatic environments remain poorly explored. We present and describe a new species of Enteromius, adding to the 16 species of Enteromius currently recorded from that country. This new species is distinguished from all other Gabonese Enteromius by the presence of several distinct spots on the dorsal fin in combination with three or four round spots on the flanks. In Africa, it is superficially similar to Enteromius walkeri, and shares with that species an unusual allometry in which the proportional length of the barbels decreases as the fish grows. Nevertheless, one can distinguish these species by vertebral number, maximum standard length, the length of the anterior barbels, the length of the caudal peduncle, and in most specimens, the number of lateral-line and circumpeduncular scales. These two species also inhabit widely separated drainages, with E. walkeri occurring in coastal drainages of Ghana including the Pra and Ankobra Rivers, and the new species occurring in tributaries of the Louetsi and Bibaka rivers of Gabon, which are part of the Ogowe and Nyanga drainages, respectively. Despite extensive collections in those drainages the new species is known from only two localities, suggesting the importance of conservation of its known habitat

A Fractionated Space Weather Base at L_5 using CubeSats and Solar Sails

The Sun–Earth L_5 Lagrange point is an ideal location for an operational space weather forecasting mission to provide early warning of Earth-directed solar storms (coronal mass ejections, shocks and associated solar energetic particles). Such storms can cause damage to power grids, spacecraft, communications systems and astronauts, but these effects can be mitigated if early warning is received. Space weather missions at L5 have been proposed using conventional spacecraft and chemical propulsion at costs of hundreds of millions of dollars. Here we describe a mission concept that could accomplish many of the goals at a much lower cost by dividing the payload among a cluster of interplanetary CubeSats that reach orbits around L5 using solar sails