1,160 research outputs found
Recursive Definitions of Monadic Functions
Using standard domain-theoretic fixed-points, we present an approach for
defining recursive functions that are formulated in monadic style. The method
works both in the simple option monad and the state-exception monad of
Isabelle/HOL's imperative programming extension, which results in a convenient
definition principle for imperative programs, which were previously hard to
define.
For such monadic functions, the recursion equation can always be derived
without preconditions, even if the function is partial. The construction is
easy to automate, and convenient induction principles can be derived
automatically.Comment: In Proceedings PAR 2010, arXiv:1012.455
Piezoresistive cantilevers utilized for scanning tunneling and scanning force microscope in ultrahigh vacuum
Piezoresistive cantilevers have been utilized in a novel ultrahigh vacuum scanning probe microscope which allows in situscanning tunneling microscopy(STM), contact atomic force microscopy(AFM), and noncontact atomic force microscopy. The instrument uses interchangeable tungsten tips (for STM imaging) and piezoresistive cantilevers (for AFM or STM imaging) and is capable of atomic resolution in both STM and AFM modes of operation. In situ tip exchange under vacuum conditions is performed quickly and reliably using a high precision rotary/linear feedthrough and a tip/cantilever storage system.Piezoresistive forceâsensing cantilevers provide a new detection scheme for AFM, using an allâelectronic detector that requires no alignment or optical detectionsystem. The microscope features a highâresolution, dualâaxis, inertialâdrive translation stage with an open access sample mount designed to optimize vibration isolation
Checkerboard local density of states in striped domains pinned by vortices
Within a Green's function formalism we calculate the electronic structure
around static extended magnetic and non-magnetic perturbations in a d-wave
superconductor. In partucular, we discuss recent elastic neutron scattering and
scanning tunneling experiments on High-T_c cuprates exposed to an applied
magnetic field. A physical picture consisting of antiferromagnetic vortex cores
operating as pinning centers for surrounding stripes is qualitatively
consistent with the neutron data provided the stripes have the usual antiphase
modulation. The low energy electronic structure in such a region reveals a
checkerboard interference pattern consistent with recent scanning tunneling
experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Trace CO2 capture by an ultramicroporous physisorbent with low water affinity.
CO2 accumulation in confined spaces represents an increasing environmental and health problem. Trace CO2 capture remains an unmet challenge because human health risks can occur at 1000 parts per million (ppm), a level that challenges current generations of chemisorbents (high energy footprint and slow kinetics) and physisorbents (poor selectivity for CO2, especially versus water vapor, and/or poor hydrolytic stability). Here, dynamic breakthrough gas experiments conducted upon the ultramicroporous material SIFSIX-18-Ni-ÎČ reveal trace (1000 to 10,000 ppm) CO2 removal from humid air. We attribute the performance of SIFSIX-18-Ni-ÎČ to two factors that are usually mutually exclusive: a new type of strong CO2 binding site and hydrophobicity similar to ZIF-8. SIFSIX-18-Ni-ÎČ also offers fast sorption kinetics to enable selective capture of CO2 over both N2 (S CN) and H2O (S CW), making it prototypal for a previously unknown class of physisorbents that exhibit effective trace CO2 capture under both dry and humid conditions
NuSTAR Hard X-ray Survey of the Galactic Center Region I: Hard X-ray Morphology and Spectroscopy of the Diffuse Emission
We present the first sub-arcminute images of the Galactic Center above 10
keV, obtained with NuSTAR. NuSTAR resolves the hard X-ray source IGR
J17456-2901 into non-thermal X-ray filaments, molecular clouds, point sources
and a previously unknown central component of hard X-ray emission (CHXE).
NuSTAR detects four non-thermal X-ray filaments, extending the detection of
their power-law spectra with - up to ~50 keV. A
morphological and spectral study of the filaments suggests that their origin
may be heterogeneous, where previous studies suggested a common origin in young
pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). NuSTAR detects non-thermal X-ray continuum emission
spatially correlated with the 6.4 keV Fe K fluorescence line emission
associated with two Sgr A molecular clouds: MC1 and the Bridge. Broad-band
X-ray spectral analysis with a Monte-Carlo based X-ray reflection model
self-consistently determined their intrinsic column density (
cm), primary X-ray spectra (power-laws with ) and set a
lower limit of the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A* flare illuminating the Sgr A
clouds to erg s. Above ~20 keV, hard
X-ray emission in the central 10 pc region around Sgr A* consists of the
candidate PWN G359.95-0.04 and the CHXE, possibly resulting from an unresolved
population of massive CVs with white dwarf masses . Spectral energy distribution analysis suggests that G359.95-0.04 is
likely the hard X-ray counterpart of the ultra-high gamma-ray source HESS
J1745-290, strongly favoring a leptonic origin of the GC TeV emission.Comment: 27 pages. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
Differential Growth of Francisella tularensis, Which Alters Expression of Virulence Factors, Dominant Antigens, and Surface-Carbohydrate Synthases, Governs the Apparent Virulence of Ft SchuS4 to Immunized Animals
The gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft) is both a potential biological weapon and a naturally occurring microbe that survives in arthropods, fresh water amoeba, and mammals with distinct phenotypes in various environments. Previously, we used a number of measurements to characterize Ft grown in Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) broth as (1) more similar to infection-derived bacteria, and (2) slightly more virulent in naĂŻve animals, compared to Ft grown in Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB). In these studies we observed that the free amino acids in MHB repress expression of select Ft virulence factors by an unknown mechanism. Here, we tested the hypotheses that Ft grown in BHI (BHI-Ft) accurately displays a full protein composition more similar to that reported for infection-derived Ft and that this similarity would make BHI-Ft more susceptible to pre-existing, vaccine-induced immunity than MHB-Ft. We performed comprehensive proteomic analysis of Ft grown in MHB, BHI, and BHI supplemented with casamino acids (BCA) and compared our findings to published âomicsâ data derived from Ft grown in vivo. Based on the abundance of ~1,000 proteins, the fingerprint of BHI-Ft is one of nutrient-deprived bacteria thatâthrough induction of a stringent-starvation-like responseâhave induced the FevR regulon for expression of the bacterium's virulence factors, immuno-dominant antigens, and surface-carbohydrate synthases. To test the notion that increased abundance of dominant antigens expressed by BHI-Ft would render these bacteria more susceptible to pre-existing, vaccine-induced immunity, we employed a battery of LVS-vaccination and S4-challenge protocols using MHB- and BHI-grown Ft S4. Contrary to our hypothesis, these experiments reveal that LVS-immunization provides a barrier to infection that is significantly more effective against an MHB-S4 challenge than a BHI-S4 challenge. The differences in apparent virulence to immunized mice are profoundly greater than those observed with primary infection of naĂŻve mice. Our findings suggest that tularemia vaccination studies should be critically evaluated in regard to the growth conditions of the challenge agent
The plankton, aerosol, cloud, ocean ecosystem mission status, science, advances
The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission represents the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\u27s (NASA) next investment in satellite ocean color and the study of Earth\u27s ocean-atmosphere system, enabling new insights into oceanographic and atmospheric responses to Earth\u27s changing climate. PACE objectives include extending systematic cloud, aerosol, and ocean biological and biogeochemical data records, making essential ocean color measurements to further understand marine carbon cycles, food-web processes, and ecosystem responses to a changing climate, and improving knowledge of how aerosols influence ocean ecosystems and, conversely, how ocean ecosystems and photochemical processes affect the atmosphere. PACE objectives also encompass management of fisheries, large freshwater bodies, and air and water quality and reducing uncertainties in climate and radiative forcing models of the Earth system. PACE observations will provide information on radiative properties of land surfaces and characterization of the vegetation and soils that dominate their reflectance. The primary PACE instrument is a spectrometer that spans the ultraviolet to shortwave-infrared wavelengths, with a ground sample distance of 1 km at nadir. This payload is complemented by two multiangle polarimeters with spectral ranges that span the visible to near-infrared region. Scheduled for launch in late 2022 to early 2023, the PACE observatory will enable significant advances in the study of Earth\u27s biogeochemistry, carbon cycle, clouds, hydrosols, and aerosols in the ocean-atmosphere-land system. Here, we present an overview of the PACE mission, including its developmental history, science objectives, instrument payload, observatory characteristics, and data products
Drivers of future alien species impacts: An expertâbased assessment
Understanding the likely future impacts of biological invasions is crucial yet highly challenging given the multiple relevant environmental, socioâeconomic and societal contexts and drivers. In the absence of quantitative models, methods based on expert knowledge are the best option for assessing future invasion trajectories. Here, we present an expert assessment of the drivers of potential alien species impacts under contrasting scenarios and socioecological contexts through the midâ21st century. Based on responses from 36 experts in biological invasions, moderate (20%â30%) increases in invasions, compared to the current conditions, are expected to cause major impacts on biodiversity in most socioecological contexts. Three main drivers of biological invasionsâtransport, climate change and socioâeconomic changeâwere predicted to significantly affect future impacts of alien species on biodiversity even under a bestâcase scenario. Other drivers (e.g. human demography and migration in tropical and subtropical regions) were also of high importance in specific global contexts (e.g. for individual taxonomic groups or biomes). We show that some bestâcase scenarios can substantially reduce potential future impacts of biological invasions. However, rapid and comprehensive actions are necessary to use this potential and achieve the goals of the Postâ2020 Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity
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