Socio-cultural aspects of the development of Croatian national theatre from moving into the new building in 1895 until 2011

Opći cilj rada jest artikulirati socio-kulturni pristup u stvaranju case study monografije Hrvatskoga narodnoga kazališta u Zagrebu kao društvene institucije. Korištena je case study mješovitoga tipa i sljedeće metode istraživanja: analize sadržaja višestrukih izvora (arhivskih dokumenata i fotografija, zakona, strateških dokumenata i sl.) promatranje sa sudjelovanjem, intervjui s upravom i umjetnicima, anketa. Rad potvrđuje tezu da je društveni kontekst ključan za djelovanje HNK. Taj je kontekst istražen na više razina – na makrorazini rasvjetljeni su političko-društveni procesi i njihovi produkti u vidu kulturnih politika, dok su na mikrorazini otkriveni latentni odnosi među akterima kulturne i kazališne stvarnosti. U radu se preispituje teza o reprezentaciji nacionalnoga identiteta kroz kazalište i (re)konstruira simbolička i stvarna interakcija kazališta i društva. Analizom rezultata istraživanja utvrđeno je kako je i krajem 19. st. ali u suvremenosti, HNK služio kako polje borbe političke i kulturne elite. Susljedno tome, istraživanje je potvrdilo tezu kako je temeljna društvena uloga i funkcija HNK proizvodnja kulturnoga kapitala, koji služi (re)definiranju statusa kazališta unutar nacionalne kulture jer ono kao središnja nacionalna kazališna institucija, svojim (programskim) djelovanjem stvara nove društvene obrasce komunikacije između uprave kazališta, umjetnika i publike. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno kako je uprava kazališta kulturna elita, koja ima moć u umjetničkom upravljanju kazalištem, unutar financijskih i zakonskih okvira koje određuje politička elita. Također, politička elita ima isključivo pravo odlučivanja o imenovanju i razrješenju intendanta/ice, čime neizravno određuje i ostale članove uprave. Konstatirano je da su i umjetnici dio kulturne elite, koja posjeduje kulturni, ali ne i ekonomski kapital. Njihovi dosezi u polje kulturne politike su također ograničeni i svedeni na nominalnu razinu. Ustanovljeno je da su im djelovanja ograničena i u umjetničkom polju, što ima za posljedicu slabije mogućnosti (cjeloživotnog) profesionalnog obrazovanja, usavršavanja i razvijanja karijere. Istraživanje je otkrilo kako je publika HNK prema sociodemografskim pokazateljima homogena društvena skupina, koju prvenstveno interesira klasičan umjetnički repertoar, dok za društvene aspekte kazališta ne pokazuje značajniji interes.This dissertation will seek to examine the former and present social role of Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb, as well as its' institutional meaning. The case study research method will examine key contemporary agents, such as arts managers, artists and audience, through a number of problems and questions related to the current and future activity of the theatre. The social context will be shown through analysis of archival records and analysis of current laws, regulations and other legal documents. The main goal of this dissertation is to explain the theatre “status“ within the social structures. Research has confirmed that social context was, and still is key question concerning the function of Croatian National Theatre. Social and historical context has been researched on several levels. On the macro-level historical, social and political processes were researched, as well as their consequences in the form of cultural politics. The micro-level has shown latent relations of actors of cultural and theatrical reality. The dissertation re-examines the representation of the national identity through the theatre and (re)constructs symbolical and literal interaction of society and theatre. The research was accomplished through the use of specially designed method and with accordance to an interdisciplinary envisaged theoretical structure. The dissertation is composed of nine chapters. The introductory part is composed of the review of theoretical perspectives and research of theatre and society. The author also explores cultural policies and their influence on theatre in general. The introduction also offers the description of new analytical and interpretative model of research of the history, social value and importance of Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb. Finally, in the last chapter of the introduction the author explains the methodology of the research. Second chapter of the dissertation is dedicated to literal and figurative meaning of spatial factors concerning theatre as a field of battle for power. Third chapter explains the social context of theatre during the fin de siècle epoch. Fourth chapter offers a review of modern cultural and political practice concerning the Croatian National Theatre. Review of modern cultural politics starts with the last decade of the 20th century. During the 1990’s many parts of Croatian society went through significant changes. For the theatre it meant establishing new legislative practices. The author also describes cultural strategies in the 21st century. Fifth chapter is dedicated to the view from the inside. The author describes the administrative structure of Croatian National Theatre, as well as the structure of ownership of Croatian National Theatre. Sixth chapter is dedicated to the research of audience from the one side, and theatre artists and management of the theatre from the other. In the seventh chapter the author brings several key conclusions concerning all questions that the author dealt with in the dissertation. Final chapters offer the bibliography, the list of used primary sources and the authors’ contributions (historical sources used in the research)

Operna publika u digitalnom okruženju i operni online sadržaji tijekom karantene uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19

Rad je usmjeren na afirmaciju kvalitativnih istraživanja u grani sociologije medija i sociologije kulture, a glavni cilj rada jest opisati kako operna publika prati recentnu opernu produkciju, putem kojih digitalnih medija te koja joj je motivacija i koja joj značenja pridaje. Iako trendovi socioloških istraživanja kazališne publike u zapadnom svijetu podrazumijevaju proširivanje fokusa istraživanja i na „ne-publiku“ (Tröndle, 2019), u Hrvatskoj nikada do sada nije provedeno istraživanje operne i/ili koncertne publike, koja se u Austriji i Njemačkoj zasebno istražuje. Sukladno promjeni paradigme, koja je potvrđena u istraživanjima u SAD-u, istraživačka pitanja rada su: mogu li se prijenosi opera uživo u kinima podrazumijevati kao kulturno događanje te može li se Dollaseova (1998) kategorizacija publike proširiti novom kategorijom, u koju pripada publika koja opere i operne sadržaje prati u kinima i(li) online, što je bila jedina mogućnost tijekom karantene uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19. Primijenjen je fenomenološki pristup i kvalitativna metodologija (metoda opažanja sa sudjelovanjem, četiri strukturirana intervjua i analiza sadržaja). Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je uloga virtualnog prostora, iako drugačija i obilježena specifičnim manjkavostima, gotovo jednako važna kao i fizički prostor u kojem se odvija socijalna interakcija operne publike. Publika stvarnost izvedbe opere, preseljene u virtualni prostor, shvaća i opisuje uglavnom s visokim interesima, motivacijom i očekivanjima. Također, besplatni online operni sadržaji, koji su intenzivno zaživjeli u 2020. godini tijekom karantene uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19, približavaju opernu umjetnost široj populaciji te se predlaže proširenje Dollaseove kategorizacije kategorijom digitalne operne publike

Audience and examples of consummation of cultural digital products

Rad istražuje karakteristike potrošnje u kulturi povezane s trima medijima: kazalištem, knjigom i društvenim medijima. Ti su mediji nastali u različitim povijesnim razdobljima, a njihove se forme i oblici zbog razvoja digitalne tehnologije i interneta mijenjaju te se sadržaji iz fizičkoga prostora sele u virtualni. U istraživanju je primijenjena kvalitativna metodologija; pristup teorije utemeljene na podatcima (grounded theory) i metoda fokus grupe. Rezultati pokazuju da publika digitalne sadržaje u kulturi konzumira kako bi se informirala ili stekla uvid u one sadržaje koji joj nisu dostupni drugim putem, no ona i dalje preferira konzumiranje kulture u izvornom obliku (odlazak u kazalište, čitanje tiskane knjige), jer takvo djelovanje podrazumijeva društvene interakcije, prvenstveno komunikaciju i razmjenu dojmova te potiče pristup sadržajima u kulturi podržavajući odnose s prijateljima i obitelji.The meeting of high culture and mass media takes place on a daily basis by translating cultural content into digital form, in order to be available to a mass audience via electronic devices. The paper analyzes the relationship between the media as a social structure, and the actions of the audience, that is, the characteristics of consumption in culture associated with three media: theatre, books (literature) and social media. These media originated in different historical periods, their forms have changed due to the development of digital technology and the beginning of mass use of Internet, which is the reason behind content moving from physical space to virtual space. Qualitative methodology was applied in the research; as well as a grounded theory approach and a focus group method. The results show that the audience consumes digital content in culture in order to be informed or gain insight into those (specific) contents that are not available to them in other ways (through regular channels). Nevertheless, they still prefer to consume culture in its original form: going to the theatre, reading a printed book etc., because these activities involve social interactions, primarily communication and exchange of impressions (and even social rituals, like buying gifts such as books, theater tickets, etc.) with other actors, especially family members and friends

MEDIA CONTENT ANALYSIS ABOUT CROATIAN VETERANS ON INTERNET PORTALS

Istraživanje medijskih sadržaja o hrvatskim braniteljima na internetskim portalima provedeno je u prvoj dionici projekta Analiza društvenih faktora koji utječu na kvalitetu života braniteljske populacije – smjernice za budućnosti tijekom 2021. i 2022. godine. Cilj istraživanja bio je ustanoviti koji društveni akteri imaju mogućnost iznošenja stavova i mišljenja o braniteljskoj populaciji u digitalnoj javnoj sferi te analizirati glavne obrasce sudova koje iznose kao i učinak takve javne komunikacije na socijalnu konstrukciju mišljenja i stavova o braniteljskoj populaciji. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom analize sadržaja, a teorijski utemeljeno u modelu javnih arena. Analizirali su se sadržaji objavljeni na jedanaest internetskih portala u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2016. godine do 31. prosinca 2020. godine. Rezultati su pokazali da su političari na vlasti dominantni akteri koji najčešće govore o braniteljima i 88,3% njihovih sudova bilo je pozitivno intonirano. Sami branitelji su na trećem mjestu, nakon skupine novinara, što ukazuje na dobru poziciju branitelja u javnoj areni. Također, u većini (84,7%) analiziranih elektroničkih publikacija pronađeni su eksplicitni vrijednosni sudovi aktera prema braniteljima, čime se potvrdio visok socijalni i politički kapital te skupine. Od analiziranih skupina povezanih s braniteljima (pojedinac, obitelj, branitelji…) najviše se komentiralo “branitelje općenito“ (61,5%), iz čega zaključujemo da se o braniteljima u medijskom prostoru govori kao o svojevrsnom fenomenu, a manje kao o heterogenoj društvenoj skupini unutar koje različiti pojedinci i skupine imaju specifične probleme i potrebe, što pokazuje da ti specifični problemi branitelja nisu dobili prostor unutar javne medijske arene te se putem mreže operativaca (političara na vlasti) nisu mogli prenijeti ni u druge javne arene, poput političke, koja ima moć poboljšati socijalni status braniteljske populacije.The research of media content on Croatian veterans on web portals was carried out in the first section of the project Analysis of social factors that affect the quality of life of the defending population – guidelines for the future during 2021 and 2022. The aim of the research was to determine which social actors have the opportunity to express views and opinions about the veterans in the digital public sphere and to analyze the main patterns of courts they present, as well as the impact of such public communication on the social construction of opinions and attitudes about the veterans. The research was conducted using the method of content analysis, and theoretically based in the model of public arenas. The contents published on eleven web portals between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2020 were analysed. The results showed that politicians (from govermental area) are the dominant actors who most often talk about veterans and 88.3% of their courts were positively intoned. The veterans are in third place, after a group of journalists, which indicates a good position of veterans in the public arena. Also, in the majority (84.7%) of the analyzed electronic publications, explicit value courts of the actors towards veterans were found, which confirmed the high social and political capital of this group. Of the analyzed groups related to veterans (individual, family, defenders…), the most commented were “veterans in general” (61.5%), from which we conclude that veterans in the media space are referred to as a kind of phenomenon, and less as a heterogeneous social group within which different individuals and groups have specific problems and needs. We concluded that these specific problems of veterans did not get space within the public media arena and could not be transferred to other public arenas, such as the political one, which has the power to improve the social status of the defenders

Audience and examples of consummation of cultural digital products

Rad istražuje karakteristike potrošnje u kulturi povezane s trima medijima: kazalištem, knjigom i društvenim medijima. Ti su mediji nastali u različitim povijesnim razdobljima, a njihove se forme i oblici zbog razvoja digitalne tehnologije i interneta mijenjaju te se sadržaji iz fizičkoga prostora sele u virtualni. U istraživanju je primijenjena kvalitativna metodologija; pristup teorije utemeljene na podatcima (grounded theory) i metoda fokus grupe. Rezultati pokazuju da publika digitalne sadržaje u kulturi konzumira kako bi se informirala ili stekla uvid u one sadržaje koji joj nisu dostupni drugim putem, no ona i dalje preferira konzumiranje kulture u izvornom obliku (odlazak u kazalište, čitanje tiskane knjige), jer takvo djelovanje podrazumijeva društvene interakcije, prvenstveno komunikaciju i razmjenu dojmova te potiče pristup sadržajima u kulturi podržavajući odnose s prijateljima i obitelji.The meeting of high culture and mass media takes place on a daily basis by translating cultural content into digital form, in order to be available to a mass audience via electronic devices. The paper analyzes the relationship between the media as a social structure, and the actions of the audience, that is, the characteristics of consumption in culture associated with three media: theatre, books (literature) and social media. These media originated in different historical periods, their forms have changed due to the development of digital technology and the beginning of mass use of Internet, which is the reason behind content moving from physical space to virtual space. Qualitative methodology was applied in the research; as well as a grounded theory approach and a focus group method. The results show that the audience consumes digital content in culture in order to be informed or gain insight into those (specific) contents that are not available to them in other ways (through regular channels). Nevertheless, they still prefer to consume culture in its original form: going to the theatre, reading a printed book etc., because these activities involve social interactions, primarily communication and exchange of impressions (and even social rituals, like buying gifts such as books, theater tickets, etc.) with other actors, especially family members and friends

The Moral Challenges and Demands of Crises. An Overview of Results of the Questionnaire on Attitudes and Opinions of Young People During Pandemics of COVID‑19 Illness in Croatia

Svrhu ljudskog života nalazimo u svakoj ljudskoj djelatnosti kojom čovjek želi ispuniti svoj život, odnosno dati mu neki smisao i cilj: potraga za bogatstvom, užitkom, poslom, ljubavlju, znanošću, politikom itd. Čovjek koji je bez cilja i bez nade u njegovo postignuće izlaže se najvećem ljudskom problemu: problemu gubitka smisla. Suočen s gubitkom smisla, upada u stanje krizâ i patnje. Moralni izazov za čovjeka jest potraga za pravim smislom života, a moralna teologija jest ta koja pomaže čovjeku koji traži odgovor na pitanje smisla i posljednjeg ljudskog cilja. U radu se progovara o pitanju patnje i boli s obzirom na moralni pogled te se, kako bi se obuhvatila i perspektiva iz sociologije morala, prikazuju rezultati anketnog istraživanja provedenog na dobrovoljnom uzorku studenata i mladih (od 18 do 35 godina) u Hrvatskoj. Cilj je na temelju rezultata istraživanja odgovoriti na pitanje koje je moralne izazove i zahtjeve stanje izazvano pandemijom bolesti COVID‑19 stavilo pred svakodnevni život ispitanika uopće.The purpose of human life is found in each human activity through which the human being is trying to fulfill his/her life, i.e., to give it some purpose and goal: the search for wealth, pleasure, occupation, love, science, politics, etc. The human being who is without a goal and without hope in its achievement is exposing himself/herself to the biggest human problem: the problem of loss of meaning. Faced with the loss of meaning, he/ she falls into a state of crisis and suffering. The moral challenge for the human being is the search for the true meaning of life, while moral theology can help the human being who is looking for an answer to the question of meaning and about the ultimate end of the human life. The article discusses the issue of suffering and pain in relation to the moral point of view. In order to include the perspective of the sociology of morals, the article also presents the results of the questionnaire carried out on the voluntary sample of students and young people (between the ages of 18 to 35) in Croatia. The aim is to find the answer, on the basis of the results of the questionnaire, to the question on which moral challenges and demands has the situation caused by the pandemics of COVID‑19 illness raised for the everyday life of interviewees

Communicating Environmental Problems as a Basis for Creating Sustainable Family Habits. CRO Laudato Si’ Research Results

The paper presents the results of a research conducted among Catholic believers in Croatia during 2020 and 2021. The research was carried out as part of the CRO Laudato Si' project (N=1324).  In the second phase, four focus groups were conducted with 20 participants. The overall objective of the research is to determine whether families communicate about environmental problems and to describe the experience of communication and sustainable habits in the family. The results show that communication on environmental problems in the family is democratic and open. The vast majority of respondents (97%) mostly or completely agreed with the statement: “It is necessary to point out the importance of environmental problems in one's own family and society”. The results of the focus group provide a deeper insight into family relations and reveal the family as a social relationship within which environmental problems are not discussed regularly, but some habits are cultivated spontaneously. These are daily sustainable habits such as waste separation, water and energy saving, etc. However, the results show that younger family members pass on information on this topic to the elderly and therefore their role on micro-level is significant.  That role is related to meso level, and to educational institutions in the phase of secondary socialization.  We conclude that families from our sample have a non-economic exchange of information on environmental problems. Communication (non-verbal especially) about environmental problems in the family is important for both children and parents and can empower the willingness to change unsustainable family habits

Young People’s Confidence in the Media in Croatia Compared to Young People in Europe Based on the European Values Study

Zahvaljujući procesu globalizacije, razvojem tehnologija dolazi do razvoja medija koji imaju važnu ulogu u oblikovanju čovjekova života i društva općenito. Medijima se često pripisuje moć oblikovanja pojedinčeve svakodnevnice, a posebno svakodnevice mladih, kao društvene skupine koja odrasta i razvija se u digitalnom dobu. Ipak, u sociološkoj teoriji ne postoji usuglašenost oko učinaka koje mediji proizvode, kao ni metodološka usuglašenost u konceptualizaciji i operacionalizaciji istraživanja povjerenja u medije. Zbog toga je u istraživanju korišten mješoviti pristup te metode ankete i intervjua kako bi se dobili što bolji podaci o problemu istraživanja. Napravljena je analiza podataka iz zadnjega vala anketnoga istraživanja Europske studije vrijednosti (2017. godine). Europska studija vrijednosti je međunarodni znanstveni projekt, u koji je uključeno i Hrvatsko katoličko sveučilište. Uzorak su bili mladi od 18 do 35 godine iz 34 europske zemlje (n=16772), uključujući i Hrvatsku (n=455). U intervjuima je sudjelovalo 10 sudionika iste dobne skupine iz Zagreba i Zlatara. Rezultati pokazuju da mladi u Hrvatskoj imaju više povjerenja u društvene mreže, a manje povjerenja u tisak nego njihovi vršnjaci iz europskih zemalja te da ne postoji povezanost povjerenja u tisak i društvene mreže s veličinom grada iz kojega dolaze ispitanici. Rezultati kvalitativnoga istraživanja su pokazali da je zbog lake dostupnosti, aktualnosti, multimedijalnosti i mogućnosti arhiviranja sadržaja, internet medij koji mladi najčešće koriste. Oni na njemu i prate i konzumiraju uglavnom zabavne sadržaje te više slušaju i gledaju nego što čitaju. Sudionici u vrste medija i medijske sadržaje upisuju različita značenja vezana uz povjerenje (sažetost, potpis autora, reference, provjerljivost informacija i dr.) i nepovjerenje (senzacionalizam, lažne vijesti, dezinformacije, jednostranost i dr.), stoga se u našem istraživanju djelomično potvrđuje teorija o racionalnosti publika. Naime, sudionici ne sudjeluju javno u raspravama i komentarima, a vijesti i komentare na sadržaje dijele samo s bliskim osobama te pokazuju pasivnost prema proglašivačkoj i tekstualnoj formi zbog odbojnosti prema virtualnom nasilju. S obzirom na to da im mediji služe uglavnom za zabavu, oni ih koriste i kada nemaju povjerenje u njih.According to the process of globalisation, the development of technologies leads to the development of media that play an important role in shaping human life and society in general. The media are often credited with the power to shape an individual’s everyday life, and especially the everyday life of young people, as a social group that grows and develops in the digital age. However, in sociological theory, there is no consensus on the effects that the media produce, as well as methodological consensus in the conceptualization and operationalization of confidence in the media. Therefore, we used a mixed approach: survey and interview method to obtain the best possible data on the research problem. We made an analysis of data from the 2017 European Values Study survey. The European Values Study is an international scientific project, in which the Catholic University of Croatia is involved. The sample were young people from 18 to 35 years of age from 34 European countries (n=16772), including Croatia (n=455). In the qualitative part of the research, we interviewed 10 participants of the same age group from Zagreb and Zlatar. The results show that young people in Croatia have more confidence in social networks, and lack of confidence in the press than their peers from European countries, and there is no connection between confidence in the press and social networks with the size of the city/town from which the respondents come. Due to the easy accessibility, actuality, multimedia and the possibility of archiving content, the Internet is the medium most used by participants of qualitative research. They consume mostly entertaining content and listen and watch more than they read. Participants enter different meanings in media types and media content related to confidence (brevity, author’s signature, references, verifiability of information, etc.) and lack of confidence (sensationalism, fake news, disinformation, one-sided reporting, etc.), so our research confirms partly the theory of audience rationality. However, participants do not publicly participate in discussions and comments, and they share news and comments on content only with close people. They don’t show enunciative productivity and textual productivity due to their aversion to virtual violence. Since the media is mostly for entertainment, they use it even when they don’t trust them

Projekt CRO Laudato Si’: cele, działania i rezultaty społeczne

On the eve of 2020, and the fifth anniversary of the publication of the Encyclical Letter - Laudato Si’. On the care for the common home at the Catholic University of Croatia, the scientific-professional project CRO Laudato Si’ was launched. The project team was composed of scientists from different disciplines, and the project partners were the National Fraternity of the Franciscan Secular Order and the Franciscan Youth. As part of the project, scientific and practical activities were carried out. One of the main scientific activities was empirical scientific research, which was conducted, using a survey method over several months in 2020. The paper will present the results of the research, related to the role of the project in the knowledge of the encyclical Laudato Si’ and the awakening of interest in the encyclical, according to the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The results show that men have heard of the encyclical Laudato Si’ to a somewhat greater extent than women. The largest number of respondents, who heard about the encyclical for the first time through the project, are those who belong to the youngest age group, followed by those with high school education. Arousing interest in Encyclical Letter topics is more encouraged among women, those over 65 years old, respondents with completed primary school, and those who are self-employed or retired.U progu 2020 roku, w piątą rocznicę opublikowania encykliki Laudato Si’. W trosce o wspólny dom na Katolickim Uniwersytecie Chorwacji zapoczątkowano projekt naukowo-zawodowy CRO Laudato Si’. Zespół projektowy składał się z naukowców z różnych dyscyplin, a partnerami projektu była Wspólnota Narodowa Świeckiego Zakonu Franciszkańskiego oraz Młodzież Franciszkańska. W ramach projektu prowadzono działania naukowe i praktyczne. Jednym z głównych działań naukowych były empiryczne badania, przeprowadzone metodą ankietową w okresie kilku miesięcy w 2020 roku. W artykule zostały przedstawione wyniki badań związanych z rolą projektu na temat znajomości encykliki Laudato Si’ oraz rozbudzanie zainteresowania encykliką uwzględniając społeczno-demograficzny charakter respondentów. Wyniki badań wskazują, że mężczyźni słyszeli o encyklice Laudato Si’ w nieco większym stopniu niż kobiety. Najwięcej respondentów, którzy w ramach projektu po raz pierwszy usłyszeli o encyklice, to ci, którzy należą do najmłodszej grupy wiekowej, a następnie osoby z wykształceniem średnim. Zainteresowanie tematyką encykliki jest wyższe wśród kobiet, osób powyżej 65 roku życia, respondentów z ukończoną szkołą podstawową oraz osób samozatrudnionych lub emerytów