Ageing affects DNA methylation drift and transcriptional cell-to-cell variability in mouse muscle stem cells.

Age-related tissue alterations have been associated with a decline in stem cell number and function. Although increased cell-to-cell variability in transcription or epigenetic marks has been proposed to be a major hallmark of ageing, little is known about the molecular diversity of stem cells during ageing. Here we present a single cell multi-omics study of mouse muscle stem cells, combining single-cell transcriptome and DNA methylome profiling. Aged cells show a global increase of uncoordinated transcriptional heterogeneity biased towards genes regulating cell-niche interactions. We find context-dependent alterations of DNA methylation in aged stem cells. Importantly, promoters with increased methylation heterogeneity are associated with increased transcriptional heterogeneity of the genes they drive. These results indicate that epigenetic drift, by accumulation of stochastic DNA methylation changes in promoters, is associated with the degradation of coherent transcriptional networks during stem cell ageing. Furthermore, our observations also shed light on the mechanisms underlying the DNA methylation clock.Includes ERC and BBSR

Functional characterisation of a mouse Imprinted Gene Network

Chez les mammifères, l'empreinte génomique parentale est un mécanisme épigénétique restreignant l'expression d'une centaine de gènes à un seul allèle, déterminé selon son origine parentale. Les gènes affectés et les mécanismes sous-jacents à leur expression mono-allélique sont essentiellement déterminés par une marque épigénétique différentielle portés par les allèles maternel et paternel. D'un point de vue fonctionnel et au niveau physiologique, l'empreinte est actuellement comprise comme un mécanisme contrôlant la quantité de ressources attribuées par la mère à sa progéniture. Les gènes soumis à empreinte s'inscrivent dans un même réseau transcriptionnel (IGN), et plusieurs études indiquent qu'ils contrôleraient l'équilibre entre prolifération et quiescence de cellules souches adultes. A travers cette étude, nous montrons une induction coordonnée de la plupart des gènes soumis à empreinte lors de la sortie du cycle cellulaire, que celle-ci soit réversible (quiescence) ou non (différenciation). De plus, dans un modèle de pré-adipocytes 3T3-L1, la perturbation de la dynamique d'expression de plusieurs de ces gènes semble conforter l'hypothèse d'un contrôle des transitions entre différents états cellulaires (prolifération, quiescence et différenciation) par l'IGN. Outre l'identification d'une fonction cellulaire commune aux gènes soumis à empreinte, nos résultats ouvrent la voie d'une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de régulation de la quiescence. De plus, nos conclusions permettent de suggérer un nouveau scénario pour la sélection de l'empreinte parentale au cours de l'évolution des mammifères.Mammalian genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that restrains the expression of about a hundred genes to a single allele, in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The identity of imprinted genes and the molecular basis of their monoallelic expression mostly rely on a differential epigenetic marking of the parental alleles. Presently, imprinting is understood as a mechanism aimed at controlling the amount of maternal resources allocated to the offspring. Imprinted genes belong to the same transcriptional network (IGN) and, according to different reports, they seem to control the balance between proliferation and quiescence of adult stem cells. In this study, we show that most imprinted genes are induced upon cell cycle exit, whether reversible (quiescence) or not (differentiation). In addition, within the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cell line, impairing the dynamics of expression of several imprinted genes impairs the transitions between different cellular states, namely proliferation, quiescence and differentiation. Our results highlight the existence of a common cellular function of imprinted genes, and provide a new frame to understand cellular quiescence, at a molecular level. Furthermore, they suggest a new plausible scenario for the implementation of genomic imprinting during mammalian evolution

A destabilised metabolic niche provokes loss of a subpopulation of aged muscle stem cells

International audienceAgeing is a multi-factorial condition that results in a gradual decline in tissue and organ function. Systemic, local and intrinsic factors play major roles in this process that also results in a decline in stem cell number and function. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Li et al (2019) show that a subpopulation of mouse muscle stem cells is depleted in aged mice through loss of niche-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Skeletal muscle stem cells in comfort and stress

Abstract Investigations on developmental and regenerative myogenesis have led to major advances in decrypting stem cell properties and potential, as well as their interactions within the evolving niche. As a consequence, regenerative myogenesis has provided a forum to investigate intrinsic regulators of stem cell properties as well as extrinsic factors, including stromal cells, during normal growth and following injury and disease. Here we review some of the latest advances in the field that have exposed fundamental processes including regulation of stress following trauma and ageing, senescence, DNA damage control and modes of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Recent studies have begun to explore the nature of the niche that is distinct in different muscle groups, and that is altered from prenatal to postnatal stages, and during ageing. We also discuss heterogeneities among muscle stem cells and how distinct properties within the quiescent and proliferating cell states might impact on homoeostasis and regeneration. Interestingly, cellular quiescence, which was thought to be a passive cell state, is regulated by multiple mechanisms, many of which are deregulated in various contexts including ageing. These and other factors including metabolic activity and genetic background can impact on the efficiency of muscle regeneration

Sorting DNA with asymmetry: a new player in gene regulation?

International audienceIn recent years, our views on how DNA and genes are organised and regulated have evolved significantly. One example is provided by reports that single DNA strands in the double helix could carry distinct forms of information. That chromatids carrying old and nascently replicated DNA strands are recognised by the mitotic machinery, then segregated in a concerted way to distinct daughter cells after cell division is remarkable. Notably, this phenomenon in several cases has been associated with the cell fate choice of resulting daughter cells. Here, we review the evidence for asymmetric or template DNA strand segregation in mammals with a focus on skeletal muscle

Identification et caractérisation de la fonction d'un réseau de gènes soumis à empreinte

Chez les mammifères, l'empreinte génomique parentale est un mécanisme épigénétique restreignant l'expression d'une centaine de gènes à un seul allèle, déterminé selon son origine parentale. Les gènes affectés et les mécanismes sous-jacents à leur expression mono-allélique sont essentiellement déterminés par une marque épigénétique différentielle portés par les allèles maternel et paternel. D'un point de vue fonctionnel et au niveau physiologique, l'empreinte est actuellement comprise comme un mécanisme contrôlant la quantité de ressources attribuées par la mère à sa progéniture. Les gènes soumis à empreinte s'inscrivent dans un même réseau transcriptionnel (IGN), et plusieurs études indiquent qu'ils contrôleraient l'équilibre entre prolifération et quiescence de cellules souches adultes. A travers cette étude, nous montrons une induction coordonnée de la plupart des gènes soumis à empreinte lors de la sortie du cycle cellulaire, que celle-ci soit réversible (quiescence) ou non (différenciation). De plus, dans un modèle de pré-adipocytes 3T3-L1, la perturbation de la dynamique d'expression de plusieurs de ces gènes semble conforter l'hypothèse d'un contrôle des transitions entre différents états cellulaires (prolifération, quiescence et différenciation) par l'IGN. Outre l'identification d'une fonction cellulaire commune aux gènes soumis à empreinte, nos résultats ouvrent la voie d'une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de régulation de la quiescence. De plus, nos conclusions permettent de suggérer un nouveau scénario pour la sélection de l'empreinte parentale au cours de l'évolution des mammifères.Mammalian genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that restrains the expression of about a hundred genes to a single allele, in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The identity of imprinted genes and the molecular basis of their monoallelic expression mostly rely on a differential epigenetic marking of the parental alleles. Presently, imprinting is understood as a mechanism aimed at controlling the amount of maternal resources allocated to the offspring. Imprinted genes belong to the same transcriptional network (IGN) and, according to different reports, they seem to control the balance between proliferation and quiescence of adult stem cells. In this study, we show that most imprinted genes are induced upon cell cycle exit, whether reversible (quiescence) or not (differentiation). In addition, within the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cell line, impairing the dynamics of expression of several imprinted genes impairs the transitions between different cellular states, namely proliferation, quiescence and differentiation. Our results highlight the existence of a common cellular function of imprinted genes, and provide a new frame to understand cellular quiescence, at a molecular level. Furthermore, they suggest a new plausible scenario for the implementation of genomic imprinting during mammalian evolution.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les destins cellulaires différentiels des cellules souches musculaires sont accompagnés d'une ségrégation symétrique des histones H3 canoniques in vivo

Posté le 18 décembre 2018 sur BioRxivStem cells are maintained through symmetric or asymmetric cell divisions. While various mechanisms initiate asymmetric cell fates during mitosis, possible epigenetic control of this process has emerged recently. The asymmetrical distribution of a canonical histone H3 variant during mitosis in fly germline has suggested a role for partitioning old and new nucleosomes in asymmetric cell fates. Here, we provide resources for single cell assays and show the asymmetric segregation of transcription factors along with old and new DNA in mouse muscle stem cells ex vivo and in vivo . However, these differential fate outcomes contrast with a symmetric distribution of the canonical H3.1 vertebrate variant. These findings point to different evolutionary mechanisms operating in fly germline stem cells and vertebrate somatic stem cells to mitigate epigenetic regulation of asymmetric cell fates.Les cellules souches sont maintenues par des divisions cellulaires symétriques ou asymétriques. Alors que divers mécanismes déclenchent des destins cellulaires asymétriques pendant la mitose, un éventuel contrôle épigénétique de ce processus est apparu récemment. La distribution asymétrique d'une variante canonique de l'histone H3 pendant la mitose dans la lignée germinale de la mouche a suggéré un rôle pour la partition des anciens et des nouveaux nucléosomes dans les destins cellulaires asymétriques. Ici, nous fournissons des ressources pour les essais sur cellules individuelles et montrons la ségrégation asymétrique des facteurs de transcription avec l'ancien et le nouvel ADN dans les cellules souches musculaires de souris ex vivo et in vivo . Cependant, ces résultats de destins différentiels contrastent avec une distribution symétrique de la variante canonique des vertébrés H3.1. Ces résultats indiquent que différents mécanismes d'évolution opèrent dans les cellules souches germinales de mouches et les cellules souches somatiques de vertébrés pour atténuer la régulation épigénétique des destins cellulaires asymétriques

Dynamique des divisions asymétriques et symétriques des cellules souches musculaires in vivo et sur des niches artificielles

International audienceStem cells can be maintained through symmetric cell divisions (SCDs) and asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs). How and when these divisions occur in vivo in vertebrates is poorly understood. Here, we developed a clonogenic cell tracing method that demonstrates the asymmetric distribution of transcription factors along with old and new DNA in mouse muscle stem cells during skeletal muscle regeneration. Combining single-cell tracking and artificial niches ex vivo, we show how cells switch from ACDs to SCDs, suggesting that they are not engaged in an obligate mode of cell division. Further, we generated SNAP-tagged histone H3-reporter mice and find that, unlike fly germline stem cells, differential fate outcomes are associated with a symmetric distribution of the H3.1 and H3.3 histone variants in mouse muscle stem cells. This versatile and efficient H3-SNAP labeling system will allow an investigation of mechanisms underlying the maintenance of epigenomic identity and plasticity in a variety of tissues.Les cellules souches peuvent être maintenues par des divisions cellulaires symétriques (DCS) et des divisions cellulaires asymétriques (DCA). On comprend mal comment et quand ces divisions se produisent in vivo chez les vertébrés. Ici, nous avons développé une méthode de traçage cellulaire clonogène qui démontre la distribution asymétrique des facteurs de transcription ainsi que de l'ADN ancien et nouveau dans les cellules souches de muscles de souris pendant la régénération des muscles squelettiques. En combinant le traçage d'une seule cellule et des niches artificielles ex vivo, nous montrons comment les cellules passent des ACD aux SCD, ce qui suggère qu'elles ne sont pas engagées dans un mode de division cellulaire obligatoire. En outre, nous avons généré des souris indicatrices d'histone H3 marquées par SNAP et nous avons découvert que, contrairement aux cellules souches germinales de mouches, les résultats différentiels du destin sont associés à une distribution symétrique des variantes d'histone H3.1 et H3.3 dans les cellules souches musculaires de souris. Ce système de marquage H3-SNAP polyvalent et efficace permettra d'étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents au maintien de l'identité et de la plasticité épigénomiques dans une variété de tissus

Notch-Induced miR-708 Antagonizes Satellite Cell Migration and Maintains Quiescence

International audienceCritical features of stem cells include anchoring within a niche and activation upon injury. Notch signaling maintains skeletal muscle satellite (stem) cell quiescence by inhibiting differentiation and inducing expression of extracellular components of the niche. However, the complete spectrum of how Notch safeguards quiescence is not well understood. Here, we perform Notch ChIP-sequencing and small RNA sequencing in satellite cells and identify the Notch-induced microRNA-708, which is a mirtron that is highly expressed in quiescent cells and sharply downregulated in activated cells. We employ in vivo and ex vivo functional studies, in addition to live imaging, to show that miR-708 regulates quiescence and self-renewal by antagonizing cell migration through targeting the transcripts of the focal-adhesion-associated protein Tensin3. Therefore, this study identifies a Notch-miR708-Tensin3 axis and suggests that Notch signaling can regulate satellite cell quiescence and transition to the activation state through dynamic regulation of the migratory machinery

Transcriptome and epigenome diversity and plasticity of muscle stem cells following transplantation.

Adult skeletal muscles are maintained during homeostasis and regenerated upon injury by muscle stem cells (MuSCs). A heterogeneity in self-renewal, differentiation and regeneration properties has been reported for MuSCs based on their anatomical location. Although MuSCs derived from extraocular muscles (EOM) have a higher regenerative capacity than those derived from limb muscles, the molecular determinants that govern these differences remain undefined. Here we show that EOM and limb MuSCs have distinct DNA methylation signatures associated with enhancers of location-specific genes, and that the EOM transcriptome is reprogrammed following transplantation into a limb muscle environment. Notably, EOM MuSCs expressed host-site specific positional Hox codes after engraftment and self-renewal within the host muscle. However, about 10% of EOM-specific genes showed engraftment-resistant expression, pointing to cell-intrinsic molecular determinants of the higher engraftment potential of EOM MuSCs. Our results underscore the molecular diversity of distinct MuSC populations and molecularly define their plasticity in response to microenvironmental cues. These findings provide insights into strategies designed to improve the functional capacity of MuSCs in the context of regenerative medicine