International division of labour and structural unemployment

In INTERECONOMICS No. 12, 1975 the case for relocation of industries in developing countries was discussed by representatives of German industry. The following article deals with the same problem from the trade unions’ point of view

Mozart's Tempo-System

A reference book for the musician’s practical work of interpretation, this volume, after a general presentation of 18th century principles for determining a tempo, offers a compendium of all Mozart’s autograph tempo markings in 420 lists of pieces of similar character. Thus, a comparison of slower and quicker movements is made possible by 434 music examples, and there follows a wide-ranging collection of relevant texts taken from historical sources. The book does not claim to know “the single correct tempo” for the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It hopes to be of assistance in the unavoidable search by every interpreter for the “true mouvement” of each work—for the work itself, for the performer, the instrument or instruments, the room, the public, the nature of the event. It follows that there can be no absolutely “authentic” tempo for Mozart’s works. And yet his tempo markings, since he chose them so meticulously, should be taken equally seriously with the other parameters of his famously precise notation. Alfred Brendel writes: “an astonishing opus … one of those rare and important books in which music and musicology form a vital association; a lifelong study that makes one very much aware of a field to which attention is rarely paid. It accomplishes this by bringing to bear an understanding that never loses sight of the musical foundation on which it is built, and by a discerning intelligence that does not shy away from raising debatable topics, although without ever claiming infallibility … One cannot be grateful enough to Helmut Breidenstein for his methodological accuracy which allows us Mozart interpreters to orientate ourselves with ease and pleasure … His book sharpens our perception, at the same time giving an overview and making us sensitive to each individual case. Admiration and gratitude.

Utilizing a Community Resource for Diabetes Lifestyle Management

Grace Cottage Family Health & Hospital identified diabetes as a level one priority for community health improvement. VeggieVanGo is a program hosted at schools and hospitals hosted by the Vermont Foodbank which provides fresh produce to those in needs. Lifestyles modifications are essential for diabetes management including consuming fresh produce. This project sought to increase awareness of the role of diet in diabetes management for patients at Grace Cottage Hospital who may use the VeggieVanGo program.https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/fmclerk/2104/thumbnail.jp

Mozart's Tempo-System

A reference book for the musician’s practical work of interpretation, this volume, after a general presentation of 18th century principles for determining a tempo, offers a compendium of all Mozart’s autograph tempo markings in 420 lists of pieces of similar character. Thus, a comparison of slower and quicker movements is made possible by 434 music examples, and there follows a wide-ranging collection of relevant texts taken from historical sources. The book does not claim to know “the single correct tempo” for the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It hopes to be of assistance in the unavoidable search by every interpreter for the “true mouvement” of each work—for the work itself, for the performer, the instrument or instruments, the room, the public, the nature of the event. It follows that there can be no absolutely “authentic” tempo for Mozart’s works. And yet his tempo markings, since he chose them so meticulously, should be taken equally seriously with the other parameters of his famously precise notation

Residual stress distribution in PVD-coated carbide cutting tools - origin of cohesive damage

PVD-coatings for cutting tools mean a substantial progress for tool lifetime and cutting conditions. Such tools, however, hold the risk of cost intensive sudden process breaks as a result of cohesive damage. This damage mechanism does not consist of a coating adhesion problem, but it can be traced back to the residual stress distribution in coating and substrate. This paper shows how residual stresses develop during the process chain for the manufacturing of PVD-coated carbide cutting tools. By means of different methods for residual stress determination it is shown that the distribution of residual stresses within the tool finally is responsible for the risk of cohesive tool damage.DFG/DE 447-50-

Ortsaufgelöste Spannungsmessung in den hochharten Kompositmaterialien polykristalliner Diamant und polykristallines kubisches Bornitrid

Cutting tools made of the ultra-hard composites polycrystalline diamond and polycrystalline boron nitride are being used in more and more sectors of machining. Due to the laborious preparation processes such as grinding, brushing, electrical discharge and laser machining, the subsurface of these tools is strongly stressed mechanically and thermally. This also changes the residual stress state in the highly loaded cutting edge area. The measurement of these residual stresses is not possible by established XRD methods due to the highly curved surface of the cutting edge. The measurement method Raman spectroscopy shows high potential for this application, but conversion factors are necessary for the application. These factors enable the conversion of the stress-induced peak shift in the Raman spectrum into absolute residual stress values. Previous conversion factors are mainly based on hydrostatic load cases, which, however, cannot be transferred to the application on cutting tools. In this work, axial load cases were provided by bending and conversion factors were determined by comparing XRD stress measurements and Raman peak shifts. The conversion factors determined were then plotted against existing results from other studies and the causes for the deviations that occurred were determined. By this, for the first time, a conversion factor for an axial load case for cubic boron nitride could be determined and it could be shown that, as for diamond, it differs significantly from the hydrostatic load case.Zerspanwerkzeuge aus hochharten Schneidstoffen wie polykristalliner Diamant und polykristallinem Bornitrid finden in immer mehr Bereichen der Zerspanung Anwendung. Durch die aufwendigen Präparationsprozesse wie Schleifen, Bürsten, Erodieren und Laserbearbeitung wird die Randzone dieser Werkzeuge mechanisch und thermisch stark beeinflusst. Durch diese Einflüsse wird auch der Eigenspannungszustand im hochbelasteten Schneidkantenbereich verändert. Die Messung dieser Eigenspannungen ist durch etablierte röntgenografische Verfahren aufgrund der stark gekrümmten Oberfläche der Schneidkante nicht möglich. Die Messmethode Raman-Spektroskopie zeigt für diese Anwendung hohes Potential, jedoch sind hierfür Konvertierungsfaktoren notwendig. Diese Faktoren ermöglichen eine Umrechnung des spannungsinduzierten Peakshifts im Raman-Spektrum in absolute Eigenspannungswerte. Bisherige Konvertierungsfaktoren basieren zum großen Teil auf hydrostatischen Lastfällen, die auf die Anwendung an Zerspanwerkzeugen jedoch nicht übertragbar sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden axiale Lastfälle durch eine Biegebelastung bereitgestellt und anschließend die Konvertierungsfaktoren durch die Gegenüberstellung von röntgenografischen Spannungsmessungen und Raman-Messungen ermittelt und mit Literaturwerten verglichen. Dabei konnte erstmals ein Konvertierungsfaktor für einen axialen Lastfall für kubisches Borntitrid ermittelt werden und aufgezeigt werden, dass sich dieser, ebenso wie bei Diamant, stark vom hydrostatischen Lastfall unterscheidet

Influence of the preparation processes on the residual stresses in PCD and PcBN tools

Ultra-hard cutting materials such as polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and cubic boron nitride (PcBN) are increasingly being used as cutting tools in machining. The finishing of cutting tools is challenging due to their mechanical and thermal properties. Both mechanical preparation processes such as grinding and brushing are used to prepare the final contour of the tools. All processes affect the subsurface of the cutting edge, thermally, mechanically, or both. In addition to influencing the cutting edge microgeometry and topography, it is also to be expected that the residual stress state is influenced. In particular for the highly loaded cutting edge, the residual stress state is of major interest, since high cyclic load stresses occur during cutting. A measurement using conventional X-ray diffraction to determine the residual stress state in the cutting edge is not possible due to the very small surface and the strong curvature. For this reason, the influence of the cutting edge preparation methods grinding and brushing for PCD and PcBN on the residual stress state is determined in this work using Raman spectroscopy. For this purpose, the preparation-induced peak shift in the Raman spectrum is determined. This is then converted into absolute residual stresses using previously determined conversion factors

DB and Van Orden star phorias calculated as a function of various distances

DB and Van Orden star phorias calculated as a function of various distance