Aspectos metodológicos relacionados aos sistemas manométricos utilizados em estudos hemodinâmicos

Atualmente, diante das técnicas atuais, a manometria tem sido relegada a plano secundário durante a cateterização cardíaca. No entanto, ainda fornece importantes informações para identificação e avaliação das doenças cardiovasculares. Os dados coletados durante os exames possibilitam a obtenção de variáveis quantitativas e qualitativas, as quais podem ser comparadas aos padrões normais. Os sistemas manométricos são compostos por transdutor, amplificador e registrador, que, em conjunto, devem espelhar com fidelidade a morfologia e os valores das variáveis analisadas. Para atingir esse objetivo, é necessário desempenho adequado de todos os componentes. Se uma determinada informação é de extrema relevância, o operador deve gastar tempo suficiente para obtê-la de maneira inequívoca. Assim, o operador deve estar familiarizado com os sistemas manométricos e com as fontes de erro relacionadas com as técnicas de registro, cateteres, conectores e fluidos. Com os fundamentos analisados neste manuscrito, salientamos que deve ser dispensada atenção às ondas de pressão usadas nas interpretações da fisiopatologia das doenças cardiovasculares.Cardiac catheterization and ancillary procedures provide invaluable information for the detection of heart disease and the assessment of cardiac function. Raw data are collected in the course of the investigation and then processed, yielding hemodynamic and mechanical variables which can be evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively against the known standards. Precise recordings are clearly indispensable for a reliable hemodynamic evaluation: to accomplish this objective, the use of an appropriate instrument system must be made. A modern instrument system for physiologic recording consists of three main components, namely, transducer, amplifier, and indicator. The adequacy of an instrument system depends on the performance of its components: stability, sensitivity, linearity and an adequate frequency response. If the information is considered important enough to perform hemodynamic measurements, the operators should take the time to obtain pressure waveforms that are reliable and unequivocal, separating artifact from pathology. With the fundamentals analyzed in this paper, we would like to point out that, all due attention should be paid to the pressure waves used in the interpretation of the physiopathology of cardiovascular illness

Assessment of inotropic and vasodilating effects of milrinone lactate in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To assess the hemodynamic and vasodilating effects of milrinone lactate (ML) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV heart failure. METHODS: Twenty patients with DCM and NYHA class III and IV heart failure were studied. The hemodynamic and vasodilating effects of ML, administered intravenously, were evaluated. The following variables were compared before and during drug infusion: cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI); pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP); mean aortic pressure (MAP); mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP); mean right atrial pressure (MRAP); left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures (LVSP and LVEDP, respectively); peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt); systemic vascular resistance (SVR); pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR); and heart rate (HR). RESULTS: All patients showed a significant improvement of the analysed parameters of cardiac performance with an increase of CO and CI; a significant improvement in myocardial contractility (dP/dt) and reduction of the LVEDP; PCWP; PAP; MAP; MRAP; SVR; PVR. Were observed no significant increase in HR occurred. CONCLUSION: Milrinone lactate is an inotropic dilating drug that, when administered intravenously, has beneficial effects on cardiac performance and myocardial contractility. It also promotes reduction of SVR and PVR in patients with DCM and NYHA class III and IV of heart failure

Experimental myocardial hypertrophy induced by a minimally invasive ascending aorta coarctation

Ascending aorta coarctation was produced by a minimally invasive technique in rabbits. Animal mortality was 5%. Morphometric and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated. A parabiotically isolated heart model was used to assess the hemodynamic parameters. Left ventricular weight/body weight ratio and muscle area showed clear evidence of hypertrophy when compared to control. The hemodynamic changes in the isolated heart model suggested decreased diastolic and systolic function in the coarcted group. The present model produced hypertrophy with low mortality rates as a result of its less invasive nature

Efeitos da inibição prolongada da enzima de conversão da angiotensina sobre as características morfológicas e funcionais da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos com sobrecarga pressórica persistente

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do lisinopril (L) sobre as taxas de mortes (M), insuficiência cardíaca (ICC), características da remodelação miocárdica, geométrica e funcional do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), em ratos com estenose aórtica supravalvar (EAS). MÉTODOS: Ratos foram submetidos a EAS ou cirurgia simulada (GC:n=10). Randomizados após 6 semanas para receber L (GL:n=30) ou nenhum tratamento (GE:n=73) sendo avaliados 6s e 21s por estudos ecocardiográfico, hemodinâmico e morfológico concomitantes. RESULTADOS: As taxas de M (GE: 53,9% vs GL: 16,7% e ICC GE: 44,8% vs GL: 20% p0,05) sendo ambos maiores que os verificados no grupo GE. Comportamento semelhante foram obtidos com os valores da primeira derivada positiva e negativa da pressão do VE. CONCLUSÃO: em ratos com EAS o L reduziu as taxas de M e ICC e exerceu efeitos benéficos sobre a remodelação e a função do VE.OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of lisinopril (L) on mortality (M) rate and congestive heart failure (CHF), and the characteristics of geometrical myocardial remodeling and left ventricular function in rats with supravalvular aortic stenosis (SAS). METHODS: Some Wistar rats underwent SAS or the simulated surgery (CG, n=10). After 6 weeks, the animals were randomized to receive lisinopril (LG, n=30) or no treatment (SG, n=73) for 15 weeks. Cardiac remodeling was assessed in the sixth and 21st weeks after the surgical procedures through concomitant echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and morphological studies. RESULTS: The M were 53.9% and 16.7% in SG and LG, respectively; the incidence of CHF was 44.8% and 20%, in SG and LG, respectively, (P0.05), and both were greater than those in SG;(P<0.05). Similar results were obtained with the values of the positive and negative first derivate of LV pressure. CONCLUSION: In rats with SAS, the treatment with L reduced M rate and ICC and had beneficial effects on geometrical myocardial remodeling and left ventricular function

Papel relativo da remodelação geométrica do ventrículo esquerdo, morfológica e funcional do miocárdio na transição da hipertrofia compensada para a falência cardíaca em ratos com estenose aórtica supravalvar

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a contribuição relativa da remodelação geométrica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e das alterações morfológicas e funcionais do miocárdio, em ratos com estenose aórtica supravalvar (EAS), na fase de transição da hipertrofia compensada para a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC). MÉTODOS: Vinte e uma semanas após a indução da EAS os ratos foram classificados como controles (GC,n=13), não portadores (GE,n=11) ou portadores de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (GE-IC,n=12).Todos os grupos foram avaliados com estudo ecocardiográfico, hemodinâmico e morfológico do miocárdio. RESULTADOS: Vinte e uma semanas após EAS: índice de massa (GE-IC>GE>GC,pGC, pGE>GC, pGE>GC,pGE>GC, pGE>GC, pSG>CG, pCG, pSG>CG, pSG>CG, pSG>CG, pSG>CG, p<0.05). In the SG-HF group, LV geometric remodeling was characterized by a significant increase in dimensions and relative thickness of the normal wall (excentric remodeling), whereas the SG group presented a concentric remodeling. Indexes of LV performance in the SG-HF group were significantly lower than those of the SG group. CONCLUSION: The SG-HF and SG groups differed primarily in the LV geometric remodeling and structural myocardial remodeling process, which established a chronically compensated state in the SG group and triggered CHF in the SG-HF group in the presence of equivalent degrees of impaired contractility

Trombectomia na angioplastia primária em ponte de safena

O emprego da trombectomia na angioplastia primária demonstra bons resultados clínicos e angiográficos imediatos, por meio de redução da embolização distal e do fenômeno do no-reflow e otimização da perfusão miocárdica. Essa técnica, principalmente usada em artérias coronárias, em raras oportunidades é descrita quando empregada em pontes de safena aortocoronarianas. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 67 anos com infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionado a oclusão de ponte de safena e submetido a trombectomia com bons resultados.Thrombectomy in primary angioplasty has demonstrated good early clinical and angiographic outcomes, preventing distal embolization and the no-reflow phenomenon and optimizing myocardial perfusion. This technique is frequently used in native coronary arteries and is rarely reported in coronary grafts. We report the case of a 67-year-old male patient with acute myocardial infarction related to the occlusion of a saphenous vein graft submitted to thrombectomy with good results

Pleiotropic effects of statins may improve outcomes in atherosclerotic renovascular disease

BACKGROUNDAtherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARD) coexists with arterial obstructive disease in the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arteries that may remain underdiagnosed and untreated.METHODSThis retrospective study compares overall survival and renal survival (i.e., time to doubling of serum creatinine or end-stage renal disease (ESRD)) over an 11-year period in 104 ARD patients of whom 68 received statin therapy (group S) because of elevated lipid levels and 36 had no statin (group NS) because of normal lipid profile at entry.RESULTSAtherosclerosis in another vascular bed was documented in 84%. Lipid profiles at end point were virtually identical in both the groups Group S had mean survival 123 months (confidence interval (CI) 113-134) with four deaths, and mean renal survival 122 months (CI 113-131). Group NS had mean survival 33 months (CI 23-42) with 13 deaths, and mean renal survival 27 months (CI 17-37).CONCLUSIONSStatin therapy was associated with lesser rate of progression of renal insufficiency (with 7.4% of S patients reaching renal end points vs. 38.9% of NS patients) and lower overall mortality (5.9% in S vs. 36.1% in NS patients), P < 0.001 for both. Although both groups received what was deemed optimal therapy, they did have other differences that may have affected the outcomes (a limitation addressed by Cox multiple regression analysis). These results suggest the need for prospective randomized controlled studies in ARD patients in order to explore potential benefits of statins that may not be attributable solely to lipid lowering

Follow-up study of morphology and cardiac function in rats undergoing induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar, evolutivamente, o modelo experimental de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) por indução de estenose aórtica supravalvar em ratos jovens. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a toracotomia para colocação de clipe ao redor da aorta torácica (grupo EAo, n=12). Animais controle foram submetidos à mesma cirurgia, porém sem a colocação do clipe (grupo C, n=12). A função cardíaca foi analisada por ecocardiogramas seriados após 6, 12 e 21 semanas. Outros grupos foram utilizados para avaliação histológica e quantificação da hidroxiprolina miocárdica (HOP: 2, 6, 12 e 21 semanas). RESULTADOS: A EAo promoveu precocemente HVE concêntrica e aumento progressivo da concentração de HOP. À microscopia óptica, observou-se hipertrofia dos miócitos e da camada média dos ramos intramurais das artérias coronárias. A função sistólica foi supranormal no período 6 semanas (porcentagem de encurtamento - EAo6:70,3±10,8; C6: 61,3±5,4; p<0,05), apresentando-se reduzida apenas no último período. A partir de 12 semanas, verificou-se disfunção diastólica (E/A - EAo12: 4,20± 3,25; C12: 1,61±0,16; p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A indução de EAo promove HVE concêntrica e fibrose miocárdica. A função cardíaca, dependendo do período de análise, encontra-se melhorada, normal ou deprimida. O modelo é adequado e potencialmente útil para estudos sobre a fisiopatologia e tratamento nas diferentes fases evolutivas da hipertrofia cardíaca.OBJECTIVE: To characterize the follow-up of an experimental model of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) induced by supravalvular ascending aortic stenosis in young rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were submitted to thoracotomy and aortic stenosis was created by placing a clip on the ascending aorta (AoS group, n=12). Age-matched control animals underwent a sham operation (C group, n=12). Cardiac function was analysed by echocardiograms performed 6, 12, and 21 weeks after aortic banding. Myocardial morphological features and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration (HOP) were evaluated 2, 6, 12, and 21 weeks after surgery in additional animals. RESULTS: Aortic banding promoted early concentric LVH and a progressive increase in HOP. Under light microscopy, we observed myocyte hypertrophy and wall thickening of the intramural branches of the coronary arteries due to medial hypertrophy. Cardiac function was supranormal after 6 weeks (percentage of fractional shortening - EAo6: 70.3±10.8; C6: 61.3±5.4; p<0.05), and depressed in the last period. Diastolic dysfunction was detected after 12 weeks (ratio of early-to-late filling velocity - EAo12: 4.20±3.25; C12: 1.61±0.16; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Ascending aortic stenosis promotes concentric LVH with myocardial fibrosis and minimal histological changes. According to the period of evaluation, cardiac function may be improved, normal, or depressed. The model is suitable and useful for studies on pathophysiology and treatment of the different phases of cardiac hypertrophy.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Congenital aneurysmal circumflex coronary artery fistula in a pregnant woman

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T17:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:17:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues ([email protected]) on 2014-05-20T13:33:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:33:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01Univ Estado São Paulo UNESP, Botucatu Med Sch, Dept Internal Med, Botucatu, SP, BrazilUniv Estado São Paulo UNESP, Botucatu Med Sch, Dept Internal Med, Botucatu, SP, Brazi

Coronariografia via transradial: curva de aprendizagem, avaliada por estudo multicêntrico

INTRODUÇÃO: A via de acesso femoral tem sido a preferida para os procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos coronarianos, mas apresenta limitações, principalmente relacionadas a complicações vasculares e hemorrágicas. O aces-so transradial é uma técnica mais recentemente empregada com o objetivo principal de diminuir essas complicações, além de produzir maior conforto e redução dos custos de hospitalização, embora com maior curva de aprendizagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a realização de coronariografia transradial, executada por operadores sem experiência na técnica, e comparar com a abordagem clássica (Sones e femoral) em termos de sucesso do procedimento e complicações, analisando a influência da curva de aprendizagem. MÉTODO: Estudo multicêntrico realizado em 14 hospitais do interior de São Paulo, no período de um ano. Foram randomizados mil pacientes de maneira equivalente para as técnicas transradial ou clássica. RESULTADOS: A taxa de sucesso em ambos os grupos foi similar (97,8% vs. 98,5%; P = 0,47). No grupo clássico, 95,2% dos procedimentos foram realizados pela técnica de Sones. O número de cateteres utilizados, a duração do procedimento e o tempo de exposição aos raios X foram maiores no grupo transradial (P < 0,001). Não houve diferença quanto às complicações maiores (morte, infarto e acidente vascular cerebral) e quanto às complicações vasculares e hemorrágicas. Os grupos que realizaram mais de 100 procedimentos pela artéria radial (3 centros/5 operadores) obtiveram menor taxa de insucesso (1,6% vs. 3,6%; P = 0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Um período de aprendizagem para a realização de procedimentos pela via transradial mostra-se necessário, porém não se acompanha de menor índice de sucesso, nem tampouco de maior taxa de complicações para os pacientes.BACKGROUND: Femoral access for diagnostic and therapeutic coronary procedures has been the dominant approach worldwide, despite an increased risk of vascular and hemorrhagic complications. The transradial approach is a more recent technique used to reduce these complications, providing more comfort and reducing hospitalization costs. However, it is associated with an inherent learning curve. The aim of the study was to evaluate transradial coronary angiography performed by inexperienced operators and compare the success and complication rates of this technique with the classical approach (Sones and femoral), analyzing the influence of the learning curve. METHODS: Multicenter, randomized study, in 14 hospitals in São Paulo State in a one-year period. One thousand patients were randomized to the transradial or classical techniques. RESULTS: The success rate was similar in both groups (97.8% vs. 98.5%; P = 0.47). Sones technique was used in 95.2% of the procedures in the classical technique group. The number of catheters used, the duration of the procedure and X-ray exposure were greater in the transradial group (P < 0.001). There were no differences in the major cardiac adverse events (death, infarct and stroke), and vascular and bleeding complications. Operators who had performed over 100 procedures using the transradial approach (3 centers/5 operators) had a lower failure rate (1.6% vs. 3.6%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: A learning period to perform coronary procedures using the transradial approach is required, but it is not associated with an increased risk of procedure failure or vascular complications compared with Sones or femoral approaches