Drawing and conceptual method in swiss architecture

[EN] The article analyzes the drawings of several renowned Swiss architects (Herzog & de Meuron, Peter Zumthor, Peter Märkli, Marianne Burkhalter and Christian Kerez) and defends the existence of several common features, denoting a method of eminently conceptual work. These are: the free choice of media and materials, lack of graphic academicism, non-pictorial use of the canvas, expression of the drawing process, the inclusion of texts and annotations, the use of sets and repetitions, the dominance of two-dimensionality and diagrammatic reduction. These features are compared, in some cases, with the work of conceptual artists or close to conceptual art, justifying the thesis defended[ES] El artículo analiza los dibujos de varios arquitectos suizos de reconocido prestigio (Herzog & de Meuron, Peter Zumthor, Peter Märkli, Marianne Burkhalter y Christian Kerez) y defiende la existencia de varios rasgos comunes, que denotan un método de trabajo eminentemente conceptual. Estos son: la elección libre de soportes y materiales, la falta de academicismo gráfico, el uso no pictórico del lienzo, la expresión del proceso de dibujo, la inclusión de textos y anotaciones, el uso de series y repeticiones, el predominio de la bidimensionalidad, y la reducción diagramática. Estos rasgos son comparados, en algunos casos, con el trabajo de artistas conceptuales o próximos al arte conceptual, justificando la tesis defendidaFernández-Morales, A.; Bigas Vidal, M.; Font Basté, G.; Bravo Farré, L. (2014). Dibujo y método conceptual en la arquitectura suiza. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 19(23):138-147. doi:10.4995/ega.2014.1764.SWORD138147192

Dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in large cohorts: The SUN and PREDIMED studies

[Background]: Inflammation is known to be related to the leading causes of death including cardiovascular disease, several types of cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, depression-suicide and other chronic diseases. In the context of whole dietary patterns, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) was developed to appraise the inflammatory potential of the diet. [Objective]: We prospectively assessed the association between DII scores and all-cause mortality in two large Spanish cohorts and valuated the consistency of findings across these two cohorts and results published based on other cohorts.[Design]: We assessed 18,566 participants in the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) cohort followed-up during 188,891 person-years and 6790 participants in the “PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterránea” (PREDIMED) randomized trial representing 30,233 person-years of follow-up. DII scores were calculated in both cohorts from validated FFQs. Higher DII scores corresponded to more proinflammatory diets. A total of 230 and 302 deaths occurred in SUN and PREDIMED, respectively. In a random-effect meta-analysis we included 12 prospective studies (SUN, PREDIMED and 10 additional studies) that assessed the association between DII scores and all-cause mortality.[Results]: After adjusting for a wide array of potential confounders, the comparison between extreme quartiles of the DII showed a positive and significant association with all-cause mortality in both the SUN (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.98; P-trend = 0.004) and the PREDIMED cohort (HR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.02; P-trend = 0.009). In the meta-analysis of 12 cohorts, the DII was significantly associated with an increase of 23% in all-cause mortality (95% CI: 16%–32%, for the highest vs lowest category of DII).[Conclusion]: Our results provide strong and consistent support for the hypothesis that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with increased all-cause mortality. The SUN cohort and PREDIMED trial were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02669602 and at isrctn.com as ISRCTN35739639, respectively.Supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish Government, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through grants provided to research networks specifically developed for the trial (RTIC G03/140, to R.E.; RTIC RD 06/0045, to Miguel A. Martínez-González) and through Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), and by grants from Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC 06/2007), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria–Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Proyecto de Investigación (PI) 04-2239, PI 05/2584, CP06/00100, PI07/0240, PI07/1138, PI07/0954, PI 07/0473, PI10/01407, PI10/02658, PI11/01647, P11/02505, PI13/00462, PI13/00615, PI13/01090, PI14/01668, PI14/01798, PI14/01764), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Recursos y teconologia agroalimentarias(AGL)-2009-13906-C02 and AGL2010-22319-C03 and AGL2013-49083-C3-1- R), Fundación Mapfre 2010, the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0105/2007), the Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Generalitat Valenciana (Generalitat Valenciana Ayuda Complementaria (GVACOMP) 06109, GVACOMP2010-181, GVACOMP2011-151), Conselleria de Sanitat y, PI14/01764 AP; Atención Primaria (CS) 2010-AP-111, and CS2011-AP-042), and Regional Government of Navarra (P27/2011).). Drs. Shivappa and Hébert were supported by grant number R44DK103377 from the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases