Die Planwirtschaften der Inkas und der Sowjetunion im Vergleich

Im Dezember 1991 zerbrach die Sowjetunion und es bildete sich die Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (GUS); das war das Ende der sowjetischen Planwirtschaft. Inzwischen hat es zahlreiche Publikationen gegeben, in denen die Ursachen herausgearbeitet wurden oder in denen dargelegt wurde, welche Maßnahmen für die Planwirtschaft „Existenz sichernd” oder wenigstens „verlängernd” gewirkt hätten, hätte man sie zur rechten Zeit getroffen.In diesem Beitrag wird eine völlig andere Vorgehensweise versucht. Die sowjetische Planwirtschaft soll hinsichtlich ihrer Grundstrukturen mit einer Planwirtschaft verglichen werden, die wirklich funktioniert hat, der Planwirtschaft der Inkas. Und da diese einerseits besondere Charakterzüge aufweist, andererseits aber auch in der Fachliteratur wenig behandelt ist, soll sie hier etwas ausführlicher dargestellt werden. Dabei fließen auch ethnologische Aspekte ein. Bei der Darstellung des Wirtschaftssystems und der Lebensweise im Inkastaat stütze ich mich insbesondere auf die Arbeiten von Louis Baudin, vor allem die Bücher „Der sozialistische Staat der Inka“ (Rowohlt Hamburg 1956) und „Das Leben der Inka“ (Manesse Zürich, 2. Auflage 1993)

Improved upper limb function in non-ambulant children with SMA type 2 and 3 during nusinersen treatment: a prospective 3-years SMArtCARE registry study

Background The development and approval of disease modifying treatments have dramatically changed disease progression in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Nusinersen was approved in Europe in 2017 for the treatment of SMA patients irrespective of age and disease severity. Most data on therapeutic efficacy are available for the infantile-onset SMA. For patients with SMA type 2 and type 3, there is still a lack of sufficient evidence and long-term experience for nusinersen treatment. Here, we report data from the SMArtCARE registry of non-ambulant children with SMA type 2 and typen 3 under nusinersen treatment with a follow-up period of up to 38 months. Methods SMArtCARE is a disease-specific registry with data on patients with SMA irrespective of age, treatment regime or disease severity. Data are collected during routine patient visits as real-world outcome data. This analysis included all non-ambulant patients with SMA type 2 or 3 below 18 years of age before initiation of treatment. Primary outcomes were changes in motor function evaluated with the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) and the Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM). Results Data from 256 non-ambulant, pediatric patients with SMA were included in the data analysis. Improvements in motor function were more prominent in upper limb: 32.4% of patients experienced clinically meaningful improvements in RULM and 24.6% in HFMSE. 8.6% of patients gained a new motor milestone, whereas no motor milestones were lost. Only 4.3% of patients showed a clinically meaningful worsening in HFMSE and 1.2% in RULM score. Conclusion Our results demonstrate clinically meaningful improvements or stabilization of disease progression in non-ambulant, pediatric patients with SMA under nusinersen treatment. Changes were most evident in upper limb function and were observed continuously over the follow-up period. Our data confirm clinical trial data, while providing longer follow-up, an increased number of treated patients, and a wider range of age and disease severity

Zum Problem der Prüfung von Kapitalhilfe-Kredit-Anträgen

Examination of Applications for Capital Aid Loans The article outlines the various steps in the handling of a public capital aid loan granted by the Federal Republic of Germany to a developing country and gives a survey of the methods appliedin examining projects that are to be financed. A compilation of these methods was given in the “Veröffentlichungen aus dem Arbeitsbereich der Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau” (KfW) [Publications on the Field of Activities of the Reconstruction Loan Corporation] and to this extent the article is simultaneously a collective review of those publications. Loan applications are subjected to an examination of the development policy aspects by the Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation (BMZ) and a technical, bank scrutiny by the KfW. The technical examination is undertaken at several levels. A project must have a high rank in the overall economic priorities scale of the developing country. 'The necessity of additional capacities is checked with the aid of sectoral analyses. While the examination of the economic and socioeconomic effects of a project includes a cost-benefit analysis as far as possible, operational economy and liquidity aspects from the focal point of the analysis of the management side of the project. The methodological problems dealt with by the KfW publications are: cost benefit analysis, assessment problems in cost-benefit analysis, data requirements for investment studies, combination of efficiency and financial accounting, sectoral analysis of the sugar industry, and the problems of financing domestic costs